Table of Content

20 April 2022, Volume 24 Issue 2

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REVIEW OF RESEARCH ON RARE EARTH INDUSTRY UPGRADING: REALISTIC DILEMMA, INFLUENCING FACTORS AND ALTERNATIVE PATHS

ZHANG Lin, GE Jianping

2022, 24(2):  1-9.  DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20220126.001

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Facing great changes unseen in a century and intensifying global geo-economic political game, China's rare earth industry is in a critical period of transformation and upgrading. Solving the upgrading problem and choosing high-quality and efficient upgrade paths, requires further studies. Existing researches focus on the realistic predicament, the influencing factors and paths. Lacks discussion on the whole industrial chain including front-end mining and metallurgy, quantitative analysis methods, content of influencing factors and multi-chain cooperative upgrading. This paper presents the future research on the whole industrial chain, integrating qualitative research and quantitative research methods, mechanism and cooperative path of multiple chains．

LITERATURE REVIEW OF DEFINITION, DILEMMA AND PATH TO QUALITY TRANSFORMATION OF CHINA'S RESOURCE-BASED CITIES

YANG Hongbo, WANG Ruyi, PENG Min, WANG Jiashan

2022, 24(2):  10-18.  DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20210622.003

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Resource-based cities need an ecological quality developing way. This paper, in terms of CNKI's 2011 to 2020 Chinese references, uses CiteSpace to study the changes of hot research points regarding China's resource-based cities' quality development by means of visualized key word frequency with results showing "transformation", "upgrading" and "sustainable development" are the top key words, suggesting a shift in hot research points from sustainably long-term mechanism, low-carbon transformation path and modes, eco-transforming efficiency evaluation to green development. As quality development and new conception is heading its way, quality development catches much attention after 2017. This paper defines the connotation of resource-based cities' quality development from green, coordination, smart and livelihoods with objectives to ecological transformation, innovative development, smart ways and improving livelihoods. Economic quality is used to measure the urban transforming capacity. Innovative pathways to quality transformation in resource-based cities are presented from resource environment, technology, regional coordination and livelihoods. This paper concludes that construction of specific and oriented measurement will be the future research hot topics, ecological development and smart transformation is the direction. New information technology will reform the industries, ecology, management and capital supports. Smart ecological construction helps create breakthrough in resources environment, technology, regional coordination and livelihoods, favorable for resource-based cities getting out of dilemma and heading for a quality development.


RESEARCH OVERVIEW AND OUTLOOK OF WATER-ENERGY-FOOD NEXUS

DING Tonghui, CHEN Junfei

2022, 24(2):  19-29.  DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20210812.001

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Water resource, energy and food are vital for human, and their tie (WEF-Nexus) is mutual, interactive, sensitive and vulnerable, so WEF-Nexus is one of popular research topics. This paper overviews the research advances and provides references from concepts, theories and models. There is no theory that is widely accepted. Theories chiefly include systematology, method theory and co-integration theory. The models include tie-specific models and general models, research tools have two, quantitative and qualitative. Research advances are summarized based on co-integration, security, risks and optimization with results showing a subjective WEF-Nexus co-integration index. Its security tie is focused on security assessment, lacks security controls. No references are found on WEF-Nexus risk determination and alerting. It is difficult to construct an optimized WEF system model due to the complexity of WEF coupling system; the related references are mainly on regional or stream WEF systems, few on cities or families. This paper presents outlooks for future study, including green co-integrated development theory, interactive and evolutionary mechanism, data-based comprehensive decision platform and risks determination and alerting.

TEMPORAL-SPATIAL EVOLUTION AND FACTORS OF REGIONAL ECOLOGICAL SECURITY BASED ON DPSIR-TOPSIS MODEL

LÜ Tiangui, KONG Anni, WANG Li

2022, 24(2):  30-41.  DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20210910.001

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Study of temporal-spatial evolution and factors of regional ecological security can provide references in constructing regional ecological security pattern. This paper, based on a case study on Jiangxi province as a demonstrating ecological cultural area, uses DPSIR model to establish an evaluation index system of ecological security, and applies improved TOPSIS to study the temporal-spatial evolution of Jiangxi's 2006 to 2018 ecological security with obstacle model used for factors. Coupling coordination model is employed to analyze their connection between two sub-systems of ecological security system with optimized path presented. Jiangxi's ecological security level is generally rising from 0.436 in 2006 to 0.464 in 2018 by a yearly rate at 0.002 2, but with gaps in comprehensive compactness and hierarchy among cities. Its response, driving forces and factors sub-systems are climbing with driving forces at same pace with temporal sequence, a falling pressure and status sub-systems. Any two sub-systems have a coupling degree over 0.97, suggesting a high coordination and a well coupling degree. Ecological security hierarchy varies largely among cities, most at critical security levels (III), with gap to the general security level (IV), and long time to the security level (V). Jiangxi's ecological security level is jointly confined by scientific expense, per capita water resource, regional GDP, urbanization rate, green and square area, waste water & gas processing capacity, fixed asset investment proportion and per capita GDP. This paper presents approaches to regional ecological security level on boosting policies response, improving production performance, pushing regional industrial optimization and intensifying eco-environmental protection. 

TEMPORAL-SPATIAL VARIANCE AND FACTORS OF ECOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY IN YANGTZE RIVER DELTA UNDER GREEN INNOVATION

TIAN Ze, XIAO Qianqian, CHEN Kejing, LIANG Wei

2022, 24(2):  42-53.  DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20211227.003

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Yangtze River Delta is a demonstrating model for eco-green integrated area. Its quality development is vital for China. This paper, viewing from green innovation strategy, reveals its regional variance and evolution of ecological efficiency, and presents suggestions. This paper, based on 41 Yangtze River Delta cities' 2008 to 2019 data, uses SBM model to measure their ecological efficiencies, and analyzes their redundancy and deficiency in cities of low ecological efficiencies. Tobit regression model is used to identify the factors of ecological efficiency. Results display a high ecological efficiency in Yangtze River Delta, with its core density above 0.8, waved and varying with regions. It shows a polarization in the region where there are 5 cities with low efficiencies and 9 with optimal efficiencies. 81.25% of Anhui province's cites have low efficiencies, higher than other provinces. Among factors, economic developing level, industrial structure and urban size are positively for ecological efficiency, but environmental protection and foreign openness are negatively, technical advance is a minor factor. Yangtze River Delta is suggested to construct a shared platform of environmental information and technical resources in unifying eco-environmental standards, environmental supervision and enforcement. This paper presents suggestions on advertising Yangtze River Delta's practices as demonstrating model, fulfilling its leading role, and boosting its cooperation with other areas. Traditional industries shall be escalated, smart and green. Cities vary differentiated talent planning with their urban functions. Foreign investment boosts ecological efficiency. Governments play a leading role in social capital and improve the stimulation mechanism of green innovation.

EVOLUTIONARY GAMING STUDY ON ECOLOGICAL COMPENSATION OF BI-DIRECTIONAL WATER FOOTPRINT IN YANGTZE RIVER DELTA

ZHU Zhiming, YAO Ting, GUO Lingli

2022, 24(2):  54-63.  DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20210803.001

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A quality integrated development of Yangtze River Delta needs attention on its ecological cultural construction, but it faces water shortage and worsening water ecological environmental issues. Trans-regional water resource protection can not be effectively performed due to its externality of water resource as a public affair, which makes ecological compensation of water resource a key point in reaching a co-integrated development in Yangtze River Delta. This paper uses water footprint theory to establish a standard measuring model of 2008 to 2017 bidirectional water footprint ecological compensation of Yangtze River Delta, and constructs an evolutionary gaming model based on central-governmental constraining-stimulating mechanism to reach an optimal stable balanced strategy. Yangtze River Delta is simulated as a water importing area with rising imports and consumption during the decade at yearly average consumption up to 158.62 billion cubic meters, in actual water use most by agricultural water footprint, while trading water footprint is rising at an uneven rate. Jiangsu contributes the most in simulated water use, followed by Anhui, Zhejiang and Shanghai. Its ecological compensation amounts shows a climbing tendency. Jiangsu gets the most at a yearly RMB9.222 billion, followed by Zhejiang, Anhui and Shanghai, but Jiangsu has a lowest compensation to input ratio at 63%, and Shanghai is the highest at 78%. After constraining-stimulating mechanism is in place, Yangtze River Delta can reach an optimal balanced protection and compensation strategy if central governmental sum of fines and stimulus is higher than its ecological compensation amounts on either defaults, and if the sum is higher than two times of opportunity cost, and less than its compensation amounts on both defaults, Zhejiang seats on top in stimulating and punishing range changes in the decade. 

POLICY EFFECTS EVALUATION OF ECOLOGICAL COMPENSATION OF WEI RIVER STREAM

ZHANG Jie, SUN Jie, ZHU Mingming

2022, 24(2):  64-75.  DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20210903.002

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Ecological compensation of Wei River stream is the first trans-provincial trial of Yellow River stream. This paper summarizes the status, issues and experiences of ecological compensation of Yellow River stream aiming at a quality development, and evaluates the performances of ecological compensation policies. Based on a case study on Wei River stream, This paper establishes an evaluation model of ecological compensation effects composed of comprehensive performances and preferred scoring, and uses APH and entropy to construct a comprehensive performance evaluation index system of ecological environment, which is employed to estimate the comprehensive performance of 20 cities along Wei River stream during 2009 to 2019 based on all validated samples' selection. The results show a generally rising performance, of which Shaanxi's policies seat on top, but varying with cities. The policies increase the performances at or above the level 1%, in spite of time controlling or single fixed effect; it works at or above the level 5% in the provincial teams, but not in Gansu province due to its limited conditions, big ecological burden in environmental rehabilitation, deficient compensation mechanism, imbalanced upper- and down-stream, lagging policies and lacking mature experiences. This paper presents suggestions on policy propaganda, encouraging residents and companies' involvement, improving compensation mechanisms, pushing ecologically comprehensive compensation, making bi-directional compensation standards, spreading local successful experiences and issuing local policy details.

ECOLOGICAL COMPENSATION PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SOUTH-WATER-NORTH-SHIFT PHASE I WATER SOURCE BASED ON AHP-CRITIC WEIGHT-VARIABLE MATTER-ELEMENT EXTENSION MODEL

SHEN Juqin, WANG Nannan , SUN Fuhua , et al

2022, 24(2):  76-85.  DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20210622.002

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Ecological compensation performance evaluation is a key to determination of ecological compensation standard and to optimization of ecological compensation mechanism. This paper, aiming at evaluating ecological compensation performance of south-water-north-shift phase I water source, and based on the ecological compensation capital standard, provides references for improving ecological compensation mechanism. This paper uses APH-CRITIC weight-variable matter-element extension model by establishing evaluation index system of water resource ecological compensation, and studies dynamically its performance through ecological compensation standard of water source on which costs method, ecological servicing values, water source proportion coefficient, water supply coefficient, and policy importance coefficient. The typical variable value of performance evaluation level of south-water-north-shift phase I water source is 3.699 34, with standard range of ecological compensation capital [9 693.00, 14 559.75 (10 k RMB)], of which [2 011.50, 3 368.25] distributed to Yangzhou, [2 787.75, 3 327.75] to Shuqian, [3 732.75, 5 157.00] to Huaian and [1 161.00, 2 706.75] to Xuzhou. The performance level for water source is rated at good+, suggesting a good environmental protection in water source. The standard range of ecological compensation capital for water source is RMB97 to 146 million, of which Huaian receives the most, Xuzhou receives the least. Input of ecological compensation capital improves the evaluation indexes with a better performance. Ecological compensation in water source will boost eco-environmental protection, economic growth and livelihood, and further practices the concept of "green-water-green-mountain as gold-mountain-silver-mountain" to reach a harmonious development of human and nature.


IMPACTS OF HIGH-TECH INDUSTRIAL AGGLOMERATION ON GREEN WATER RESOURCE EFFICIENCY BASED ON SPATIAL DUBIN MODEL

WANG Baoqian, FAN Zheyan

2022, 24(2):  86-96.  DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20210903.001

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Yangtze River Economic Zone as China's largest economic zone has vast economic potentials, but with severe water environmental issues. To shift a fast development to quality development, Yangtze River Economic Zone shall develop high-tech industries to push a green water resource development. This paper studies the overflowing effects of high-tech industrial agglomeration on green water resource efficiency geographically, which is of significance for understanding the status of high-tech industrial agglomeration, and appropriately making policies, including positive and negative pathways based on industrial agglomeration and water use references. This paper, based on 11Yangtze River Economic Zone provinces' 2005 to 2019 panel data, uses entropy to estimate high-tech industrial agglomerating level and applies SE-SBM model to estimate its green water resource efficiency, and employs spatial Dubin model to verify the spatial overflowing effects of high-tech industrial agglomeration which is divided into direct and indirect parts. The results show an escalating spatial auto-correlation of green water resource efficiency in Yangtze River Economic Zone, an outstanding overflowing effect, trans-regional larger than regionwide. A ratio of research and development input to the second industry casts a negative overflowing effect on green water resource efficiency, but environmental regulations does positively. This paper presents suggestions on fastening infrastructural construction in the middle- to upper-stream to receive the high-tech migration from the down-stream, boosting high-tech supports transferring siphon effect to radiation effect of industrial agglomeration, focusing on research and development quality and improving research and development conversion.

REGIONAL DIFFERENCE OF IMPACTS OF INDUSTRIAL AGGLOMERATION ON ENVIRONMENTAL EFFICIENCY BASED ON SPATIAL METERING MODEL

ZHENG Xiaoqiang, PU Yangzhu

2022, 24(2):  97-107.  DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20211213.001

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Improving environmental efficiency is a key to China's quality and sustainable development of economy and environment. This paper, based on China's 30 provinces during 2006 to 2017, uses Undesirable-SBM model and HHI to measure their environmental efficiencies and industrial agglomeration from energy consumption structures, urbanization and technical levels. Results suggest that China's environmental efficiencies are generally low, varying in the eastern, central and western, highest in the eastern and lowest in the western, consistent with their industrial agglomeration levels. Central China is below the average in industrial agglomeration. Environmental efficiencies and related variables passes the dual spatial auto-correlation tests, suggesting an outstanding spatial overflowing of environmental efficiency on industrial agglomeration level, energy consumption structure, urbanization level and technical level. Impacts of industrial agglomeration on environmental efficiency vary with regions; high-limited effect emerging in the eastern that higher industrial agglomeration will impede its environmental efficiency, positive in central and western that higher industrial agglomeration will improve their environmental efficiencies, because the 2nd industry has a larger proportion and there are vast energy extensive industries, industrial agglomeration deceases the trading and transporting costs, leaving companies capital in handling pollution, and also brings expansion leading to energy saving effect. Optimizing energy consumption structure exerts a positive spatial overflowing on environmental efficiency through changing the one-time energy consumption thus reducing the highly-energy-consuming industries. Impacts of technical level on environmental efficiency vary with regions, obviously positively in eastern, but not in central and western. This paper presents policy suggestions that appropriately technical innovation boost environmental efficiency, aiming at providing references for China's quality economic development.

IMPACTS OF FDI OVERFLOWING, INDEPENDENT RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT ON INDUSTRIAL OUTPUTS BASED ON MULTI-DIMENSIONAL THRESHOLD EFFECTS OF GUANGDONG-HONGKONG-MACAO GREATER BAY AREA PANEL DATA

ZHOU Xuan, TAN Jianhuan, GUO Pibin, et al

2022, 24(2):  108-118.  DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20211221.012

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Use of technical overflowing is key to Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Greater Bay Area's industrial growth. This paper uses Bay's 2008 to 2018 industrial data, uses knowledge overflowing model and threshold effect model to analyze FDI overflowing, independent research & development and impacts of independent research & development on Bay's industrial outputs and its threshold, and studies the impacts of interactive independent research & development and technical overflowing on outputs. Independent research and development is positively correlated with human capital flowing, demonstrating mimic, competitiveness, but the traditional production elements have a less contribution to the production growth. Regarding interactive effect, independent research & development shows a positive co-integrated effect on demonstrating mimic, negative on human capital flowing. As for threshold, demonstrating mimic effect and competition effect have single threshold with staged impacting coefficients at 0.257 and 0.240 &1.369 and 0.366, while independent research & development has dual threshold at 0.278, 0.247 and 0.264. Over the threshold values, competition effect exerts a less contribution to output growth, while demonstrating mimic effect and independent research & development slightly adjust the output growth. A quality economic development should encourage human capital inputs and independent research & development, and increase foreign capital size and quality.

SPATIAL PATTERN AND DYNAMIC EVOLUTION OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES VALUE OF HUOSHAN COUNTY DURING 1990 TO 2020

FANG Lin, CAI Jun, LIU Yanxiao, et al

2022, 24(2):  119-131.  DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20210823.001

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Huoshan county is located in Dabieshan State Key Ecological Functioning Area, where is of significance to study its ecosystem services value changes on regional economic development and eco-environmental protection, and on regional economic planning and land allocation optimization. This paper, based on Huoshan's 1990 to 2020 land use data, uses RS and GIS to establish a Thornthwaite Memorial Climatic Production model via China's 2008 land ecosystem services value coefficient, with which Huoshan's eco-system servicing value coefficient is calibrated. Impacts of land use transformation on its ecosystem services value are analyzed over land use changing rate, direction and utilization degree with results discussed on spatial auto-correlation and hot-cold points. During 1990 to 2020, Huoshan's land use change is slow, but fast in construction and farm lands up to 402.58% and -5.13%, respectively. Regarding land transformation, forest land contributes the most in exports and construction land contributes the most in imports. Land use comprehensive changing index is over 0, suggesting a developing period of countywide land use. Huoshao's ecosystem services value has declined over the past three decades, most from forest land. Its spatial pattern displays a conspicuous spatial auto-correlation with hot spots focusing on forest and water lands, cold spots on southern grass land and downtowns, expanding with construction lands. This paper presents approaches to regional ecological protection, land extensive use and land disordered expansion.

DYNAMIC CHANGES OF AND APPROACHES TO AGRICULTURAL ECO-SUSTAINABILITY IN JILIN'S MAJOR CROP AREAS

ZHANG Haichao, LIU Xiaojing, MA Donglai, et al

2022, 24(2):  132-142.  DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20210903.003

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This paper uses BBC model and Malmquist index to estimate the 2015 and 2018 eco-sustainable efficiencies and efficiency dynamic change indexes of Jilin's 23 major crop counties, analyzes their status from technology, scale, resource element allocation, and studies the global auto-correlation, and discusses the spatial pattern and dynamic changes of agricultural eco-sustainability with issues disclosed and approaches presented. Jilin's agricultural eco-sustainability of its major crop areas is at a general level, but higher in a few counties/cities, largely variable among the 23 counties. Counties with efficiency less than 1 are, high to low, Da'an (0.941), Dongliao (0.934), Panshi (0.926), Dunhua (0.86), Dongfeng (0.77), Antu (0.76), Yanji (0.74), Yongji (0.71), Helong (0.67), most in Liaoyuan, Jilin and Yanbian. Their comprehensive efficiencies are independent and related each other, showing to some extent spatial concentration and good eco-sustainability, reaching up to the optimal in Changchun, eastern Siping eastern Songyuan, improved in Sulan, Shuangliao, Qian'an, Tongyu, Da'an and Dongfeng in 2018, but decreased in Yanbian, Yongji, Panshi and Dongliao. Inappropriate inputs in agricultural eco-sustainability exist in some counties that should be reduced in Yongji, Dunhua and Dongfeng, but increased in Fuyu, Qianguo, Changling, Qian'an, Zhaonan, Tongyu, Da'an and Dongliao.


IMPACTING MECHANISM OF CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES' SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES ON VALUES BASED ON ADJUSTMENT OF REDUNDANT RESOURCE

SHU Huan, XU Yiyin

2022, 24(2):  143-154.  DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20211129.001

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This paper, based on China's 266  listed construction companies from 2014 to 2018, uses F test and Hausman test to determine panel data model from new classic economic views and industrial organized views, which is employed to further analyze the connection between construction companies' social responsibilities and short- & long-term values. Companies' redundant resources, tangible or intangible, are divided into unabsorbed and absorbed resources, which plays adjustment in companies' social responsibilities and long- & short-term values. Results show that construction companies' performance of social responsibilities is not related to its short-term values, but positively to its long-term values, determined by their heterogenous resources, which may bring competitiveness for companies if any resources, combined with companies' development, are turned into heterogenous resources before they work for strategy and performances. Unabsorbed redundant resources positively adjust companies' social responsibilities, long- & short-term values due to their high fluidity supporting companies' operations, but absorbed resources do not work due to their low fluidity and high time cost if turned into unabsorbed resources. Resources that need be effectively classified can improve companies' performance. Companies' strategy of development and values determines their competitiveness. Conduction of strategy relies upon their unrepeatable resources. China's construction companies' social responsibilities need a systematic strategic framework integrating their social responsibilities into operations. This paper presents references for construction companies' performance of social responsibilities and use of redundant resources.

EMPIRICAL STUDY OF LISTED COMPANIES' OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE ON THEIR SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES BASED ON ADJUSTMENT OF SEPARATION OF CENTRALIZING AND BALANCING RIGHTS

CHEN Xinyuan, LIU Yating

2022, 24(2):  155-166.  DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20210930.001

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This paper uses fixed effect model to study the relation between ownership and social responsibilities of 2010 to 2018 listed companies, and analyzes its changes under separation of owning and controlling rights from perspective of company management. An ownership centralization constrains companies' social responsibilities, but a balancing ownership exerts an upside-down "U-shaped" impact, a non-linear relation, suggesting a higher centralization, a poor social responsibility. Higher or lower balancing rights are not favorable for development of companies' social responsibilities. Separation of centralizing and balancing rights can largely adjust their relation. A higher centralized ownership plays a stronger role in constraining social responsibilities, and the upside-down "U-shaped" relation is boosted if the two rights are highly separated. This paper verifies their non-linear relation between ownership and social responsibilities, balancing ownership plays a dual role in companies' social responsibilities, a higher centralization is harmful for social responsibilities, providing references for China's companies to improve their social responsibilities and enriching the research content of ownership structure and social responsibilities.