分散型废弃煤矿地质环境问题及治理对策——以旺苍县燕子乡煤矿为例

doi:10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20241219.001

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 随着经济社会的发展，大量矿产资源的开采过程中或开采后，不可避免地对当地土壤和生态系统造成破坏，同时引发耕地和林地占用、空气和水体污染等地质环境问题。这些问题不仅威胁到人民生命安全，还对生态环境造成严重影响，日益引起社会各界的高度关注。本文以旺苍县分散型废弃煤矿为研究对象，探讨该地区在煤矿开采后所面临的地质环境问题，包括森林生态破坏、地质灾害、弃渣及废弃水污染等。针对这些问题，提出相应的治理措施，并分析治理实践的效益。在治理措施方面，研究区的废弃矿渣堆积按原始地形分为平面型、斜面型、凹面型和凸面型，其中平缓斜面堆积类型最多。对于弃渣边坡的治理，采取液压喷播技术、三维植被网喷播技术、削坡、回填、平整等方法来恢复地形地貌景观，同时，从“拦、排、护”3个方面治理地质灾害。水污染问题通过物理处理、化学处理、生态修复等方法解决，清理堆积体、修建挡墙及排水沟以解决矿坑涌水问题。生态修复采用乔木（高乔+矮乔）+藤蔓+植草相结合的方式，进一步从技术层面增强生态系统稳定性和复原能力。对已有实践的效益分析结果表明，治理措施显著改善了矿区生态环境。研究区内新增耕地8.7 hm²，新增林场面积约480 hm²，植被恢复率从30%提高至70%，土壤侵蚀率从15%下降到5%，并实现了环境效益、社会效益和经济效益的多重提升。同时，通过科学管理和技术创新，有效缓解了地质灾害的发生风险，为后续废弃矿山治理提供了参考与经验，充分体现了“绿水青山就是金山银山”的理念。

关键词: 废弃煤矿, 地质环境, 生态修复, 地质灾害, 矿山弃渣

Abstract: As economy grows, vast mining activities will inevitably destroy the local soil and eco-system during or after mining, and lead to occupation of farmlands and forests, and geological environmental issues like polluted air and waters, which threatens people's health and adversely affects eco-environment, attracting a high public attention. This paper, based on a case study on scattering abandoned coal mines in Wangcang county, discusses its geological environmental issues after coal mining, including destroyed forest, geological disasters, solid and water waste pollution. This paper also presents measures for the above issues with gaining practical benefits. The initial terrains holding abandoned wastes can be classified as planar, slope, concave and convex, of which gentle slope accumulation is the most. Slopes with abandoned wastes can be restored by hydraulic sprinkling, 3-dimensional vegetation net sprinkling, cutting, backfilling and consolidating. Geological disasters can be harnessed by “prevention-drainage-maintenance”. Water pollution can be resolved by physical & chemical processing, and ecological restoration. Waste gushing can be handled by clearing accumulates, building walls and drainages. Ecological restoration uses a combination of arbors (high plus low) plus vines plus grasses which technically increases stability and restoring capabilities of eco-system. Performance shows that the measures have largely improved the ecological environment in the mining area, with newly-increased farmland by 8.7 hm², and forest by 480 hm², vegetation restoring rate up to 70% from 30%, soil erosion rate down to 5% from 15%, multiple increase of environmental, social and economic benefits. Scientific management and technical innovation effectively mitigate the risks of geological disasters. This paper provides references for further harnessing abandoned mines for a concept of “green-water-blue-mountain-is-gold-silver-mountain”.

Key words: abandoned coal mines, geological environment;ecological restoration, geological disasters, abandoned mine solid wastes

中图分类号:

F205

顾彩玉, 阳宇, 刘涛, 杨红, 曹璐. 分散型废弃煤矿地质环境问题及治理对策——以旺苍县燕子乡煤矿为例[J]. 资源与产业, 2025, 27(3): 160-170.

GU Caiyu, YANG Yu, LIU Tao, YANG Hong, CAO Lu. GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND MEASURES OF SCATTERING ABANDONED COAL MINES: A CASE STUDY ON WANGCANG'S YANZI TOWN COAL MINE[J]. Resources & Industries, 2025, 27(3): 160-170.

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