Discussions on solar radiation modification (SRM) to harness global climate change in academic domain have been rising. This paper gives an interpretation of IPCC ARR regarding its SRM's risks and obstacles on nature and society. SRM serves as an imperfect supplement in carbon emission reduction and removal, can offset radiation from manmade green gas emission through influencing the earth's radiation balance, reaching a fast cooling down and decrease other climatic hazards, but SRM has no solution to source of green gas, whose impacts on nature and human will remain with its rising concentration. Effectiveness and potential impacts of SRM is of spatial heterogeneity, and a long-term risk may be brought to human and nature upon its execution, uncertain on the crops production, human's health and eco-system. Decision must consider the regional heterogeneity and long-term risks to avoid its negative impacts on vulnerable areas and to human's offsprings. Slow research advances, low public recognition and ethic concept, and imbalanced nation's interests impedes SRM's scientific tests and international harness. SRM's research is challenged by unreliable evaluation conclusion, doubtful assumed rationality and future uncertainty. The current scientific basis cannot effectively support SRM's international harness. Nations with different interests, values and geopolitics are hard to reach agreement on SRM. Lack of official responsibilities and laws may bring new risks to international cooperation and peace. SRM's international harness covers policies, laws, science, public participation and technical supports, which shall be jointly developed with technical research.

Long-term over mining activities in Yellow River stream have led to severe eco-environmental issues. It is a key mission to promote a quality economy under environmental constraints. This paper, based on case study on 9 Yellow River stream provinces, selects 3 systems mineral resources development, economy and environment and their 7 tier-2 indicators and 28 tier-3 indicators to establish a coupling coordination evaluation system of mineral resources development, economy and environment in Yellow River stream, which is used to evaluate their comprehensive developing levels of the three systems in 9 provinces via their 2011 to 2021 panel data and by means of entropy. A coupling coordination model is constructed to study their coupling coordination among the three sub-systems with ArcGIS used to analyze its evolution in spatial pattern. All 9 provinces gained a rising comprehensive development index during 2011 to 2021 with down-stream higher than middle-stream and followed by the upper-stream, at 60.9%, 51.9% and 59.2% respectively. Province numbers with high coupling index have been increasing during 2011 to 2021 and provinces with low index have been decreasing. Coupling index in the middle- and down-stream is higher than the entire stream. From time scale, some provinces have been above coordinated during 2011 to 2021, some not with imbalanced coupling coordination but steadily forward. Spatially, all nine provinces have been stably rising in their coordinated index with 8 at coordinated, 88.89% of the total, high in east and low in west with polarization across provinces. This research provides theoretical references for Yellow River stream to protect and harness environment and to reach a regional economic coordinated development. This paper presents suggestions on focusing on imbalanced development, on planning, on developing mineral resources and on boosting eco-environment.

Reconstruction of coal-electricity entities is a vital approach to the structural issues of “coal-electricity contradiction”. Reconstruction of central enterprises had basically been effective, still with insufficient recognition in coal-electricity sector, which affects execution of policies. This paper studies the reconstruction obstacles of coal-electricity entities from regime, based on general rules of new institutional economics in an order of “coal-electricity contradiction”→“coal-electricity trading”→“property right optimization”→“adjusting prices”, clarifies the relationship between coal-electricity property and energy prices, and focuses on its effectiveness of property right optimized allocation on coal-electricity trading process. Organization theory is employed to analyze the structurally logical relation between coal-electricity contradiction and coal-electricity trading with results showing that source of coal-electricity contradiction comes from unsaved costs amid coal-electricity trading. The root logical relation between coal-electricity trading and coal-electricity property revealed by modern property theory and trading cost theory suggests that optimized allocation of property determine the resources allocating efficiency and organizational efficiency of coal-electricity trading. A gaming model of coal-electricity indicates the negative externality under invalid or fuzzy property, adjustable pricing ways are set under different property allocations. Trading costs have been ignored amid the reconstruction of coal-electricity entities, weakening its effectiveness and the market adjusting capabilities, leading to coal-electricity contradiction. Unclear trading costs result in fuzzy property allocation amid reconstruction of coal-electricity entities, allocation of excessive controlling is simple and straight, which constrains its merging and organizational efficiencies of coal-electricity entities. The fuzzy coal-electricity property allocation contributes to the shifted pricing mechanism. This paper puts forward suggestions on establishing an accounting system of coal-electricity trading cost, optimizing the mixed governing modes and establishing flexible pricing mechanism to mitigate “coal-electricity contradiction”. 

The northwestern China is facing an imbalanced resources, environment and economy, which needs to verify if the “resource curse” effects and transmission mechanism exist among resources occurrence, resources industrial dependence and economic development to reach a sustainable development in northwestern “resources-economy-environment”. This paper selects 2006 to 2020 panel data of 30 prefectures in China's northwestern 5 provinces to explore the existence of resources curse, presents a conditional “resources curse” hypothesis that resource dependence has an upside-down U-shaped relation with economy. On the basis of clarification of resource abundance and resource dependence, resource dependence is used as explainable variable to study “resources curse”, and GMM is employed to conduct regression analysis on the benchmark model and transmission mechanism. “Resources curse” exists in northwestern China with its resource dependence having an upside-down U-shaped relationship with economy. Material capital investment plays a negative role on economy, more at its curve inflection point, suggesting it do little on avoiding “resources curse”, and may led to its happening to some degree. Employment growth rate, technical inputs, human capital inputs and infrastructures have little effect on economy and curve inflection point, but governmental intervention plays an outstandingly negative role in economy. Estimation of transmission mechanism doesn't show that “resources curse” in the northwestern China has a strong squeezing effect on manufacturing and foreign trading, possibly due to its local supportive policies and developing stages, but the negative impacts of resources dependence on manufacturing and openness cannot be ignored. This paper presents suggestions on boosting private capital construction to improve the impacts of its unfavorable location, on increasing investment along with attracting talents, and on upgrading industrial structure and industrial internal development.

Environmental expenses of fine chemical entities is a general guarantee to environmental pollution, and also a vital approach to entities' green sustainability. Eco-efficiency is an important index for evaluating green development. Study of impacts and mechanism of environmental expenses on eco-efficiency of fine chemical entities is helpful to drive economic growth and reduce pollution, offering supports to entities' quality development. This paper uses SBM-GML model to estimate 2011 to 2021 eco-efficiencies of 55 fine chemical entities in Shangyu industrial park, and analyzes the heterogeneity of environmental expenses on eco-efficiency from timescale, property and sub-industries. A threshold model is established to discuss the mechanism of environmental expenses on eco-efficiency. Fine chemical entities in the park have increased their eco-efficiency by 55.5% from 2011 to 2021, positively driven by environmental expenses, more outstandingly among internal capital and medicine entities during the “12-^th 5-Year-Plan”. Entities have raised their resources utilization efficiency, further promoting the positive pushing of environmental expenses on eco-efficiency. Environmental expenses exert little impacts on eco-efficiency when green technology is above the threshold value, and will largely decrease impacts when environmental expense is 48.8% more than the total cost. This paper presents suggestions for fine chemical entities to improve eco-efficiency and provides supports to make environmental plannings.

Realization of optimal industrial eco-efficiency is of significance to industrial green growth. This paper uses non-expected output SBM model to measure their 2010 to 2021 industrial eco-efficiency of 26 cities in Chengdu-Chongqing economic circle and Wuhan metropolitan circle as representative in the upper- to middle-stream of Yangtze River economic zone, and employs ArcGIS's visualization tools to compare their temporal-spatial evolution, and applies Tobit model and geographical detector model to identify their drives. It shows that their industrial eco-efficiency displays a fluctuating rising trend in two urban circles, with gap in the optimal efficiency. Polarizations partially exist inside prefectures in both circles. Industrial eco-efficiency is jointly constrained by R&D inputs, economy, transportation and openness, of which economy and transportation play a stronger promotion, others play a little in a need of raising foreign investment and intensifying research & development inputs to reach a positive promotion. This paper presents suggestions on strengthening an integrated development inside & outside of urban circle, establishing collective innovation network and increasing openness, aiming at promoting industrial eco-efficiency and local quality economic growth in the middle- and upper-stream of Yangtze River economic zone.

Water ecological civilization urban construction pilot (WECCP) is a key way to ecological civilization construction, meaningful to China's quality economic development. This paper, taking WECCP as a quasi-natural experiment, selects 2006 to 2021 panel data of China's 248 cities to establish a progressive DID model, which is used to study how the pilot impacts industrial water resources green efficiency. Heterogeneity analysis of region, economy and industrial basis is carried out by grouped samples via mediating effect's three-stepped mechanism. WECCP can dramatically increase industrial water resources green efficiency by passing robustness tests such as parallel trend test, placebo test, replacement measurement model and PSM. Mediating effect of impacting mechanism of industrial structural upgrading is 12.17% of the total effects, and green technical innovation is 45.43%, suggesting industrial structural upgrading and green technical innovation can largely impact WECCP as two vital mechanisms. Heterogeneity exists in the impacts of WECCP, which plays a more outstanding role in improving industrial water resources green efficiency in eastern China with higher economic level and non-old industrial bases than in central-western China with low economic level and old industrial bases. This paper presents suggestions on continuing WECCP, planning industrial structure and raising green innovative capabilities and appropriately constructing water ecological civilization plans.

Innovation is the primary force of economy. China has achieved remarkable achievements since the implementation of innovation-driven development strategy. However, the current innovative achievements are focusing on quantity rather than quality with less quality results. In order to produce quality innovative results, to resolve the bottleneck key technologies and to fasten China's quality economy, this paper uses 2011 to 2020 China's A-listed companies as sample to study the impacts and mechanism of enterprises' EGS performance on dual innovation. Their ESG performance can dramatically increase their innovative products, more on their breaking innovation, suggesting ESG can help convert resources into quality innovative products. The mechanism analysis reveals that enterprises' R&D inputs play a mediation role between ESG performance and dual innovation, which is also reinforced by their digital transformation. Heterogeneity suggests ESG performance of developing or declining enterprises plays a stronger role on breaking innovation, compared with maturing enterprises, viewing from enterprises' life circles. ESG performance of developing enterprises on breaking innovation is mainly driven by environmental and social responsibility performance, those declining by social responsibility and internal harness performance. Those developing enterprises should boost their linkages with external stakeholders to acquire more supports, and those declining should focus on their internal harness to improve their internal operations. From enterprises' strategy, cost-oriented enterprises' ESG performance on breaking innovation is stronger than differentiation-oriented ones in innovative intensity, but little difference on progressive innovation. Hence cost-orientated enterprises shall pay attention to ESG construction to promote their quality outputs. This paper presents references for revealing economic aftermath of enterprises' ESG behaviors, optimizing their innovative decisions and for governments to disclose ESG information.

Study on China's achievements, features and challenges of green economy helps a better understanding of China's situation in green economy and is supportive to evaluate its impacts on the global environmental sustainability. The general trend of China's green economy is positive. Governmental supportive policies and capitals offer guarantee for green economy gaining outstanding achievements in green industries. However, it is also facing challenges from population, technical innovation and new policies, with issues in out-of-control market mechanism, unsound governmental mechanism and incomplete green regime, ecological interest conflicts among governments, companies and personals, which needs to be improved in governmental, market, moral and ecological mechanisms. China needs to use references from other countries' success in green economy, fulfills the coalition among markets, governments and personals, optimizes governmental decision and execution ways, strengthens residents' ecological responsibilities, and issues more supportive policies to push green industries. Technical innovation continues to be leading the green economy. Green technologies need to be applied widely. Increasing market demands require further developments of green products and services. Governments shall continue to improve environmental quality and to boost environmental monitoring and harnessing, to save resources and to intensify resources saving and recycling, and to enhance environmentally technical innovation. Public participation needs to be encouraged to raise their consciousness in environmental issues. China's green economy can surely get further powered through all efforts, contributing to people's better lives.

As the world speeds up to the carbon neutralization, the key parts NdFeB's strategic significance is increasing, becoming a core domain in the global REE market. Scientific evaluation on global export competitiveness of China's NdFeB entire industrial chain products is key for China to seize the initiative amid the new REE gaming. This paper, viewing from perspective of entire industrial chain, puts Nd products market penetration into trading data by means of constant market share model and revealed comparative advantage, studies their global export competitiveness and global position evolution of 173 kinds of NdFeB products during 1990 to 2021. The overall competitiveness of China's NdFeB entire industrial chain products has been increasingly boosted with improved exported goods and market structures. Export growth mode has shifted to being oriented by competitiveness from jointly by market demands and competitiveness. The middle- to down-stream products in the entire industrial chain are increasingly emerging at their comparative advantages, up to middle to high value chain. Globally, China's NdFeB entire industrial chain products are facing a weakly optimized export structure and a lower global competitiveness of fine products than the major manufacturer giants Japan and European Union,  Nd products' comparative advantages are gradually being replaced by Japan, the end-use products' comparative advantages are slowly being raised with gaps with giant manufacturers. This paper presents suggestions on paying more attention to the fast-falling upper-stream products' conventional advantages, on cultivating global competitiveness of potential fine products, and on enlarging R&D inputs on end-use products to reach a new global competitiveness.

This paper, based on principles of systematicness, accessibility and easy operability of indicators selection, selects 19 indicators 
including Mg/Li in mineralization conditions of brine lithium deposits from geology, mining, economics and environmental constraints to establish a comprehensive evaluation index system of brine lithium resource exploration and development, which can offer references for comprehensively evaluating the same kind of lithium deposit exploration and development. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) used to give weights to indicators is applied to evaluate the exploration and development conditions of five brine lithium deposits in Tibet, including Zhabuye saline. The primary factor impacting exploration and development of brine lithium deposits is geology, characterized by their geology, water chemistry and resources occurrence, followed by the secondary factors environmental constraints and economy. Yiliping saline brine lithium resource in Qaidam basin has a highest score in exploration and development, at 87.69, followed by Bieletan district in Qarhan saline at 87.50, then by Zhabuye saline in Tibet at 85.02, Jiangling depression in Jianghan basin at 73.53, and Mahai saline at 56.96. This evaluation which has been validated by its operability and feasibility, reveals the reality of brine lithium deposit exploration and development under the current economic situation, which offers references for brine lithium resources exploration, investment and development and for economic planning. 

Study on simulation and drives of urban temporal-spatial evolutionary features can offer references in planning urban development and managing land resources. This paper uses urban spatial expansion identification mode, spatial expansion features measuring indicators and PLUS model to study Chongqing's 1980 to 2020 urban expansion mode in its downtown, to analyze its spatial pattern changing features and to forecast the future expanding trend with revealing its drives. During 1980 to 2020, as Chongqing had a slowly rising all-directional expansion differentiation in its downtown area, its urban fragmentation has been worsening with an expansion model of “multiple-directional, multiple extended wings and multiple banded” and a pattern of “west-fast-east-slow, southwest-northeast extension”. Chongqing's downtown had experienced a rising-then-falling trend in its expansion speed and intensity, with its urban expanding direction from inner and marginal filling to exterior and urban morphology from compacting to loose, fragmentated and irregular distribution during the study period. Chongqing's downtown will expand to its vicinity in 2030, slowly, of much differentiated expanding directions, mostly influenced by economy and planning policies. Topography, GDP, distance to waters/roads, and development planning are the major drives in impacting its expanding speed. Limited by geographic conditions, under “multiple-directional, multiple-banded” urban pattern, social economic factors mainly on economy, transportation and policies are the key drives for its downtown's spatial expansion. This paper presents suggestions on fulfilling functions of economic strategy, improving economic cooperation with surrounding cities, boosting investments on infrastructure, reinforcing radiation of center city to upgrade urban internal structure and to lead the regional development. Chongqing shall incorporate eco-environmental protection into the future planning, including ecological protection areas, natural protection areas and farmland protection areas, increase resources use efficiency and plan a coordinated sustainability of city and environment.

Quantitative measurement of urban comprehensive resilience is a basic step in marking urban resilience level and leading urban eco-civilization construction. This paper, viewing from dissipative structure theory, selects social, economical, ecological and infrastructural resilience and their 21 sub-categories and uses entropy TOPSIS model to quantitatively measure Beijing's 2016 to 2019 urban comprehensive resilience based on urban giant system entropy. Beijing's 2016 to 2019 urban comprehensive resilience has been rising over time with its average showing a trend of “rising-stabilizing-rising”, resilience index between 0.30 to 0.76. Beijing's top 3 in urban comprehensive resilience index are Chaoyang, Haidian and Xicheng districts, at 0.76, 0.74 and 0.55 respectively. Beijing urban comprehensive level can be divided into five levels, low, relatively low, middle, relatively high and high based on the resilience index, of which low and relatively low are 82% of the total districts, suggesting an overall low resilience level and varying spatially, in a distributing pattern of “north-low, southeast-relatively-high, center-high”. Their resilience levels are impacted by governmental investments and natural resources abundance of advantages and disadvantages, of which Chaoyang and Haidian districts are relatively high, and Chaoyang's infrastructural resilience level is much higher than others, while Mentougou, Fangshan and Huairou districts are of more ecological resilience. This paper presents approaches to urban comprehensive resilience on controlling producing system's internal entropy, increasing inputting system's negative entropy, promoting urban reviving, upgrading infrastructures and ecological construction.

All-for-one tourism is a new concept and mode that is presented for innovative touring destination development, which can be evaluated by tourists' satisfaction. This paper, viewing from perspective of tourists' satisfaction perception, establishes an evaluation index system for all-for-one touring destination, which is used to quantitatively evaluate all-for-one touring destination based on a case of Changchun's Jiutai district by means of questionnaire, factor analysis and IPA, aiming at a full understanding of the development of all-for-one touring destination from tourists' perspective, and exploring the gap between all-for-one tourism and tourists' expectations. Tourists' satisfaction on Jiutai district lies between generally satisfied and relatively satisfied, overall at a good level with a lower evaluation score, leaving room to be improved. Factor analysis indicates that, among 4 factors, tourist source market demand gains the highest evaluating score, followed by all-for-one touring resources and destination, all-for-one touring products are low, which needs more attention during development of all-for-one tourism. IPA suggests that among 28 evaluation indictors touring destination location, foods, accommodation, transportation, resort allocation, touring event experiences are high in their evaluation, which need to be well maintained and innovatively developed. Tourists' satisfaction indicators have lower sensitivity on diversity of touring resources and all-for-one touring destination supply, which needs to be maintained as it is. Indicators such as touring resources value, touring resources protection, local featured culture, seasonality of resources, resources distribution, product abundance, resort features, touring administration, touring advertisement, touring safety and smart tourism supporting facilities are limited in attracting tourists, needing to be improved. 9 indicators resources development extent, brand, environmental quality, resorts correlation, timelessness of touring products, prices of touring products, cost performance of touring products, integration with related industries and touring infrastructures are the weak part in Jiutai's all-for-one tourism which need to be developed with priority.

Key approaches to water environment need to be discussed for ecological protection and quality development of Yellow River stream. Prospect theory is used to establish a triple government-enterprise-private evolutionary gaming model on the consideration of irrational decision maker; numerical simulation is applied to analyze its evolution process. Enterprises eventually trend to strictly discharge pollution and the public trend to not participate in the supervision; the simulated results are consistent with the actual in Yellow River stream under intensifying governmental harness. The public's selection is a little lagging to governments, suggesting a leading role of governments on the public in water environmental harness. While evaluating the impacts of fines, enterprises' green subsidy and public supervision on evolution results, no one is found obviously affecting the finally-reaching stable strategy time, meaning the original selection is a key. Suggestions presented based on the evolution results provide theoretical supports and decision references for ecological protection and quality development in Yellow River stream. Local governments shall enlarge inputs on pollution water facilities construction according to laws and regulations, and boost trans-stream cooperation via data platform. Enterprises shall clarify their social responsibilities and take extra consideration on heavily pollution projects, strictly abiding by the quota in pollution emission. Governments may increase the green subsidy to enterprises for pollution emissions within stream, driving them to green innovation and to use of clean energy. The public needs to take responsibility for protecting water environment in Yellow River stream, supervising pollution discharges and reporting illegal activities when necessary. Governments shall set up stimulating means by clarifying the stimulating standard and applying diversified ways to encourage all involvements in protecting water environment in Yellow River stream.