Table of Content

20 August 2025, Volume 27 Issue 4

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THEORY AND MECHANISM OF CHINA'S CARBON EMISSION RIGHTS ALLOCATION FROM PERSPECTIVE OF COMMON PROSPERITY

CHEN Nan

2025, 27(4):  1-12.  DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20250702.010

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“Common prosperity” and “dual carbon” are the ultimate objective of China's quality development. Allocation of carbon emission rights is a crucial way to realize “dual carbon” objective, with the focus being on well handling with the relation between efficiency and equity, consistent with the allocating principle of common prosperity. This paper, based on China's practice, establishes the allocation theory of carbon emission rights for common prosperity through Marxist political economics with three times of allocation mechanism. Resources allocation is the precondition for controlling total carbon emission under the dual constraints of “resources and demands”, the margin of “cutting cake”. Unified equity and efficiency under socialism is the path to imbalanced development, to “cutting cake”, and to allocating carbon emission rights, which needs to be allocated based on a match between relations of production and allocation for common prosperity. Theoretically, carbon efficiency is the mainline throughout the three times of allocation, raising efficiency can promote the balance between costs and gains in reducing carbon emission so as to realize the objective of total volume control. Initial allocation of carbon emission rights is led by government who play a fundamental role with focus on opportunities equity, diminishing regional differences and giving equal development rights to areas. Re-allocation is based on carbon marketization and governmental supervision with focus on process equity, the third allocation is to compensate the unequal carbon emission rights among regions or sectors with focus on result equity. This paper presents suggestions on designing phased allocation schemes of carbon emission rights, deepening reform to advance nationwide unified market construction in accordance with developing changes of domestic productivity and relation of production. 

SPATIOTEMPORAL FEATURES AND DRIVING FACTORS OF CARBON SOURCES & SINKING EFFECTS OF JIANGXI'S FARMLAND ECOSYSTEM

LU Tiangui, LIANG Hui, CHEN Anying, FU Shufei, ZHAO Qiao

2025, 27(4):  13-22.  DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20250702.008

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Study on spatiotemporal features and driving factors of carbon sources and sinking effects of Jiangxi's farmland ecosystem can provide references to make emission reduction and fixing carbon measures in regional agriculture. This paper, taking Jiangxi province as the study area, uses parameters estimation and GIS to evaluate the spatiotemporal evolution of carbon sources & sinking effects of Jiangxi's farmland ecosystem during 2012 to 2021, and applies LMDI model to explore its driving factors of spatial differentiation. The carbon sources & sinking effects of Jiangxi's farmland ecosystem have increased to 3.11 in 2021 from 2.81 in 2012 at an average yearly rising rate of 1.14%, and bear a dramatic regional variance showing spatial conglomeration, high carbon sources and high sinking effects in Ganzhou, low carbon sources and low sinking effects in central Jiangxi area. Among their driving factors, economy plays a fundamental role, directly affecting farmers' planting decisions and agricultural management. The structural elements show duality and heterogeneity, marked by impacts of different land uses on carbon sources and sinking effects. Productivity and labor element entangles mutually, technical advances may reduce labor demands but increase carbon emissions, labor-intensive agriculture may reduce carbon emissions but increase costs. This paper presents suggestions on making localized agricultural emission reduction and fixing carbon measures in terms of Jiangxi's natural resource occurrences, economy and agricultural production, providing theoretical supports for realizing carbon peaking and neutralization in ecological civilization demonstration areas. 

ENTREPRENEURSHIP CURSE IN NATURAL-RESOURCES-ABUNDANT AREAS: IMPACTS OF OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURES AND INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT

MAO Qiliang, LIU Yiting

2025, 27(4):  23-35.  DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20250702.007

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Encouraging entrepreneurship is a key basis to power the regional economy, but start-up cultures lack in natural-resources-abundant areas, disadvantageous for structural transformation and sustainable development in local economy. This paper, from perspective of occupational structures and institutional environment, explores the mechanism of natural resources occurrence on entrepreneurship, studies the “entrepreneurship curse”in natural-resources-abundant areas, and takes empirical test from 1% population sampling survey data in 2005. Natural resource occurrences deeply shape the occupational structures and institutional environment of regional industrial system, forming a regional environment disagreeable for entrepreneurship, the more abundant resources, the less entrepreneurship. Resources industry is of typical large industrial features with higher standardization in its occupational structures, unfavourable for shaping start-up personality. Non-complete marketized property trading system of natural resources lean to governmental corruption, worsening institutional environment, not good for spreading entrepreneurship. Resources economy bears internal features of regional economic system unfavourable for cultivating entrepreneurship, regional entrepreneurship can be further limited under a poor start-up external environment. Non-start up culture shaped by natural resource occurrences will further continuously constrain entrepreneurship through intergenerational transmission. Entrepreneurship curse in natural resources-abundant areas is a natural fruit of social evolution from resources economy under external environment and intergenerational transmission, emphasizing the significance of social ecological construction and formal institutional improvement on cultivating entrepreneurship, offering references to boost competitiveness and to enhance economic resilience. 

COMPENSATION STANDARD OF BASIC FARMLAND EX-SITU PROTECTION BASED ON PRODUCTION-ECOLOGICAL-SOCIAL FUNCTIONAL VALUES

ZHU Lingwei

2025, 27(4):  36-46.  DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20250702.009

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This paper, based on theories and methods of farmland production-ecological-social functional values and farmland development right values, uses social and economic development coefficients to design compensation standard model of basic farmland ex-situ protection, which gets verified in Guangdong province, aiming at optimizing farmland protection/compensation system and encouraging farmland protecting responsibilities. In Guangdong province, unit farmland comprehensive value ranges from 42.8~655.4 kCNY/(hm²·a), averaging at 373.2 province-wide. Unit farmland development right values ranges from 418.5~8 826.7 kCNY/(hm²·a), averaging at 1 375.0 province-wide. Compensation stands of basic farmland swap protection can be classified at 5 levels, Level 1 at 3 457.2 kCNY/(hm²·a), Level 2 at 538.0, Level 3 at 207.6, Level 4 at 105.1 and Level 5 at 70.4. Multiple values of farmland comprehensively measured from production, ecological and social functions can fully embody economical, ecological and social benefits of farmland, which not only expands the sole factor on production in traditional farmland resource values evaluation, but also provides references for improving economic compensation of farmland protection. Farmland development right values measured from construction land use base price and land supply structure can precisely display the opportunity cost loss from limiting land use for land protection. This paper provides a new way to estimate the true economic values of farmland protection, and helps resolve the conflicts between farmland protection and economic development, and provides theoretical supports for improving land protection mechanism. 

VIRTUAL WATER FLOWS AND RISK TRANSFER IN BEIJING-TIANJIN-HEBEI (BTH) REGION BASED ON MULTI-REGIONAL INPUT/OUTPUT MODEL

ZHU Yuqing, WANG Tianning, WANG Xiyue

2025, 27(4):  47-58.  DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20250702.013

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Shortage of water resources has become one major issue in constraining BTH's sustainability. Large volume of virtual water in BTH in forms of commodity and servicing has been transferred, largely impacting the local water resources use and allocation. This paper establishes an environmentally-extended multi-regional input/output model, which is used to estimate their water use coefficients in industrial sections, and studies its virtual water flowing pattern and changes, and constructs water scarcity risk indicators and risk transfer values model, which is used to study the BHT's water resource shortage risks from input and output. During 2012 to 2017, BHT has an overall trend in saving water and efficiency as a net flowing in area of virtual water, which can effectively reduce the water resource shortage risks. Beijing and Tianjin receive a net virtual water flowing-in, largely supported by Hebei province. BHT has a low water use efficiency in agriculture, but has much potential in water saving in the upper- and down-stream of industrial and servicing sectors. Agricultural, food and cigarettes sectors play a key role in production and consumption sides. Beijing and Tianjin have a low risk indicator in water resource shortages, but Hebei is high, leading to an asymmetric adding risk in virtual water supplier and receiver,“Tianjin→Beijing” and “Hebei→Beijing” are two paths with higher risk transferring values. Beijing needs to adjust its industrial structure towards virtual water flowing-in, and Tianjin and Hebei need to focus on virtual water flowing-out. Virtual water strategy is an practical way in realize BHT's sustainability, BHT should further optimize industrial layout, promote trading structural upgrading, coordinate water resource flowing pattern and decrease regional water resource shortage risks.

IMPACTS OF NEW QUALITY PRODUCTIVITY ON TECHNICAL ADVANCES IN WESTERN CHINA BASED ON SPATIAL DURBIN MODEL

LI Yan, HUANG Yi

2025, 27(4):  59-70.  DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20250702.004

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This paper uses spatial Durbin model and 1990 to 2022 panel data of Western China's 84 prefectures to study the impacts of new quality productivity on technical advances in western China. There is an upside-down “U-shaped” relation between urban sizes and technical advances, and the urban sizes have yet reached the turning point. That's means appropriately expanding urban sizes play a positive role in western China's technical advances. Direct effects of population density, economic quality and house price/income ratio and educational expense are positive and outstanding, indirect effects of economic quality, foreign direct investment and educational expense are positive and outstanding, the total effects of economic quality, foreign direct investment and educational expense are positive and outstanding, of which economic quality and educational expense play a positive promotion on technical advances in the local prefecture, its neighboring cities and even the whole area, educational expense plays the most. Direct effects of residential savings are negative and outstanding, indirect effects of population density, residential savings, house price/income ratio and inflation ratio are negative and outstanding, the total effects of residential savings, house price/income ratio and inflation ratio are negative and outstanding, of which direct, indirect and total effects of residential savings are negative, a key factor in blocking technical advances in western China. This paper presents suggestions on appropriately enlarging urban sizes, increasing educational expense, raising economic quality, attracting foreign direct investment, encouraging residential consumption to the promotion of new quality productivity on technical advances, which is significant to realizes technical power and to boost economy in western China.

IMPACTS OF AGRICULTURAL GREEN TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY ON URBAN AND RURAL RESIDENTS' INCOME GAP

GUAN Guoting, ZENG Fanyue, SUN Xue, WANG Jiao, GUO Lin

2025, 27(4):  71-82.  DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20250702.002

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Uban and rural residents' income gap has become a constraint against social quality development under the background of promoting common prosperity and rural revitalization, which requires to minimize gaps and to realize equity and coordinated development. This paper, based on agricultural green total factor productivity (GTFP), uses benchmark regression model, spatial Durbin model and threshold model to explore its mechanism on urban and rural residents' income gap, aiming at offering references for shrinking the gap and advancing urban and rural integrated development. Agricultural GTFP can help minimize the gap through agricultural technical advances and efficiencies which increase farmers' income. Impacts of agricultural GTFP on the gap are of regional heterogeneity, mostly constraining in the east, followed by the west, and little in the central. The gap is of striking spatial correlation, high in west and low in east, which can be shrank through promoting agricultural GTFP in neighboring areas. Following a rising environmental regulation, agricultural GTFP plays a marginally declining role on minimizing the gap. Environmental regulation intensity as the critical threshold variable, dramatically and non-linearly, adjusts the relationship between agricultural GTFP and the gap. This paper, viewing from green development perspective, incorporates spatial correlation and environmental regulation with agricultural GTFP on the gap, reveals the multiple-dimensional path and regional difference of agricultural GTFP on the gap, and provides new views on promoting urban-rural balanced development and realized common prosperity. This paper presents suggestions on boosting agricultural technical innovation, conducting differentiated regional policies to precisely break bottlenecks, establishing trans-regional agricultural coalition, and optimizing environmental regulations to avoid constraining agricultural harvest. 

IMPACTS OF TECHNICAL DIVERSITY AND TECHNICAL NETWORK STRUCTURE ON REGIONAL ECONOMIC RESILIENCE IN YANGTZE RIVER DELTA AREA

TANG Fengxia, TAN Juntao, QIU Fangdao

2025, 27(4):  83-95.  DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20250702.011

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Technical innovation is a key factor in boosting regional economic resilience. This paper, uses patent data measurement technically-related diversity and non-related diversity to construct urban technical network, applies anti-reality function to measure regional economic resilience, and employs multiple linear regression model to discuss impacting mechanism of technical diversity and technical network structure on regional economic resilience in 41 prefectures in Yangtze River delta area. Technical related diversity level, non-related diversity level in Yangtze River delta area show an overall rising trend, but imbalanced in spatiotemporal distribution, urban technical network topological structures (density, average agglomerating coefficient, average path length) vary largely, technical innovation turns to physical communication from traditional metallurgy. Spatiotemporal distribution of economical resilience intensity in Yangtze River delta area is uneven, low-in-east-high-in-west, and low-in-south-high-in-north, but generally in a rising trend. Technical non-related diversity constrains urban economic resilience, but technically related diversity show a U-shaped relation with urban economic resilience. Technical network density shows an upside-down U-shaped relation with regional resilience,  a close technical network can promote technical communication innovation and boost regional economic resilience, but over close technical network plays in a negative role. This paper presents suggestions on promoting diversified technical production and optimized technical network structure to improve regional economic resilience. 

DYNAMIC EVOLUTION AND REGIONAL VARIANCE OF URBAN RESILIENCE IN YANGTZE RIVER ECONOMIC ZONE

XIAO Ying, HE Lei, LI Mengke, YU Ying, MENG Jiying, ZHOU Ye

2025, 27(4):  96-108.  DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20250702.001

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 Cities are the vital spaces for social production and living, and are being challenged by natural disasters and public security events. Evaluation of urban resilience is of significance for boosting sustainable development and optimizing land planning in Yangtze River economic zone. This paper, aiming at constructing multiple dimensional urban resilience evaluation system to analyze the spatiotemporal variance rules and mechanism, and to provide references for making differentiated resilience-raising measures, uses 2010 to 2022 urban panel data of Yangtze River economic zone to establish a urban resilience comprehensive index system from economic, social, engineering, ecological and institutional resilience, and applies entropy weights TOPSIS to estimate the urban resilience comprehensive evaluation index, employs centroid-standard deviation ellipse to analyze the evolution of urban resilience, and depicts the absolute variance and dynamic evolution of urban resilience via kernel density estimation, and uses Dagum Gini 
coefficient to study its relative variance. Urban resilience shows a waveringly rising trend in Yangtze River economic zone and its upper-, middle- and down-stream cities, but not as strong generally, high in upper- and down-stream and low in the middle-stream, with spatial evolution showing northeast-southwest striking. Absolute variance of urban resilience among Yangtze River economic zone and three regional cities is shrinking, but the upper-stream displays a polarity. Overall variance, intra-regional variance and inter-regional variance has dramatically dropped. This paper provides reference for raising urban resilience, promoting its coordinated growth and new urbanization and reaching urban sustainability in Yangtze River economic zone.

A KIND OF“LAND-DEPLETION” PLANNING INDICATOR ESTIMATION BASED ON DECADE PANEL DATA OF CHINA'S 64 LARGE-MIDDLE CITIES

ZHANG Jiancheng, ZHANG Jinting

2025, 27(4):  109-118.  DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20250702.006

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Land intensive use is key way to a harmonious coexistence of humans and nature, and is also a demand for new urbanization and quality development. This paper, based on a research way of “overall induction to individual deduction” and decade panel data of China's 64 cities, uses classification statistics and panel data analysis to establish a planning indictor estimation of unit GDP construction land use area with “base value + correctional coefficient”. All 64 cities show a declining trend in “land consumption”, varying largely among cities levels with conglomeration inside level. Average statistics and panel regression are combined to establish a “land consumption” base values for different city levels, and determine their correctional coefficients from time and individuals, which is a feasible and practical estimation. Based on a case of Fangcheng port, this paper estimate its 2025 and 2035 “land consumption” planning indication values, which are adjusted from development strategies and construction land stock and planning system, dropping the error rates between indicator values and planning values to 3% and 6% from 21% and 11%, respectively. Such an estimation effectively simplifies the way determining indicators in planning policy making, compensates the virgin research domains, helps comparison and planning connection among cities, meaningful for land spatial planning indicator system construction. 

OPTIMIZATION OF ECOLOGICAL SPATIAL PATTERN OF YANGTZE RIVER AREAS IN JIANGSU PROVINCE

WANG Zhenshan, LU Jiancheng, SHEN Chunzhu, BU Xinguo

2025, 27(4):  119-127.  DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20250702.005

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Jiangsu's Yangtze River areas bear the most ecological carrying capacity pressure, the biggest conflict between ecological protection and economical activities, and the most urgent ecological restoration. To study ecological spatial pattern optimization in Jiangsu's Yangtze River areas can relieve regional ecological pressure, promote a synergism of ecological protection and economic development, and provide decision supports for ecological civilization construction and high-quality development in Yangtze River economic zone. This paper, taking Jiangsu's counties within 10 km of Yangtze River as the study area, uses their land data as basis, and employs ecological servicing values significance evaluation and ecological sensitivities evaluation to select ecological source areas, and applies the minimum cumulative resistance model to identify ecological corridor, on which ecological spatial pattern of Jiangsu's Yangtze River areas is constructed. Their ecological spatial patterns are optimized at ecological nodes and in ecological corridors, which are evaluated by means of scene connection index before and after optimization. This study identifies 9 ecological source areas and 8 ecological corridors in Jiangsu's Yangtze River area with areas up to 2 937.79 km² and 198.12 km², respectively. 1 ecological floating island and 6 ecological corridors have been added through pattern optimization, forming a complete and systematic ecological spatial pattern. Further connecting ecological space provides path for biological migration, which not only increases its biodiversity, but also reduces scenic fragmentation and decreases regional scene connection. The optimized ecological spaces have higher connection and stability, offering guidelines for sustainable land use and protection of Jiangsu's Yangtze River areas and directions for land use in the middle- and upper-stream of Yangtze River economic zone. 

SYMBIOSIS AND UPGRADING MECHANISM OF AGRICULTURAL AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY VALUE CHAIN BETWEEN CHINA AND MONGOLIA UNDER DIGITAL TRADE ENVIRONMENT

ZHANG Xiaodong, HE Pan, QIAO Guanghua, BATARQI Baasansukh, ZHANG Xinyuan

2025, 27(4):  128-141.  DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20250702.012

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China and Mongolia have more mutual interests in agriculture and animal husbandry, which becomes a key sector for both in trading. Practically, both countries vary in their agriculture and animal husbandry, especially on value chains, but complementary each other. How to advance the symbiosis and collaborative upgrading of agricultural and animal husbandry value chain between China and Mongolia during the global value chain reconstruction has been become a pending point in cooperation. This paper uses references and theoretical analysis, deep conversations and site investigations to study the operations, collaborative decision factors and collaborative development of agricultural and animal husbandry value chain between China and Mongolia via value chain theory and facts. Under the current digital trading environment, cross-border electric traders have higher operating efficiency in agricultural and animal husbandry value chain between China and Mongolia, help form industrial values and add values, increase its value chains and sharing. This paper reveals the symbiosis mechanism of agricultural and animal husbandry  value chain between China and Mongolia from symbiosis operation mode, collaboration mechanism and products extension, and presents upgrading mechanism form collaborative decision drives, factors and paths. This paper provides references for China and Mongolia to realize symbiosis and upgrading in agricultural and animal husbandry value chain, to deepen trading and to materialize “five missions” of Inner Mongolia. 

INTEGRATION EFFICIENCY OF GUANGXI'S CULTURAL AND TOURISM INDUSTRIES BASED ON DEA-MALMQUIST MODEL#br#

LI Hui, HUANG Yanling, WANG Lu, LIANG Mingwei

2025, 27(4):  142-150.  DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20250702.003

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To respond nation's call for a deep integration of culture and tourism and to promote their quality development, this paper treats cultural and tourism integration as key strategy, which plays a critical role in industrial upgrading and increasing comprehensive competitiveness. This paper, focusing on significance of cultural and tourism integration, uses Guangxi's 2010 to 2021 cultural and tourism data and DEA model and Malmquist Index to study their cultural and tourism integration efficiencies in Guangxi's 14 prefectures. Guangxi's comprehensive technical efficiency had been largely increased during 2010 to 2021 generally. Technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency are below 1 in Guangxi's 13 prefectures except Nanning, leaving room to improve. The total factor productivity efficiency of Guangxi's cultural and tourism integration is above 1 during 2010 to 2021 except 2019 to 2020, suggesting an intensifying integration between cultural and tourism resources. The total factor productivity efficiency of Guangxi's 14 prefectures is above 1, indicating a rising integration efficiency. Quality growth of Guangxi's cultural and tourism industries needs to boost quality and innovative capabilities of cultural and tourism products and to optimize their investment scales to ensure high efficient use of resources. This paper put forward suggestions on inter-regional cooperation, sharing resources and constructing localized cultural and tourism industrial chain for a sustainable, healthy and fast development of Guangxi's cultural and tourism industry.