Resources & Industries

   

  

  • Received:2024-09-23 Revised:2024-11-06 Accepted:2024-11-06

国际稀土资源与市场中长期演变趋势

李裕伟   

  1. 自然资源部咨询研究中心

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Abstract: Rare earth elements occupy a primary position in the key mineral inventory of various countries worldwide and are important in China's strategic mineral resource list. Rare earth is a group of minerals whose mineralization process is easy to meet the industrial requirements of mineral deposits, so the geologists recognize that "rare earth is not rare". The world's rare earth resources are generally abundant, and their reserves are sufficient to meet the current and future needs of the world's high-tech development for a considerable period. Still, there is a shortage of certain heavy rare earth elements, and more new mineral resources need to be sought. Currently, China has an absolute advantage in rare earth reserves, rare earth production, and rare earth refining. However, policy guidance is needed to leverage the overall advantages of the rare earth industry and optimize the market allocation of mineral and technological resources. Active measures should be taken to maintain and expand the market share of China's existing rare earth supply chain, especially in refining and functional materials, as much as possible. Currently, Western groups building alternative supply chains violate market rules and will inevitably increase costs, which is not an optimal choice. As long as we handle the domestic development policies and international trade policies properly, it is possible to consolidate and expand the current supply chain pattern of rare earth upstream and downstream products dominated by our country, which will make various newly established supply chains disappear invisibly.

Key words: rare earth, Industry, Reserves, production, refine, functional materials, supply chain, quota

摘要： 稀土在世界各国的关键矿产清单中居于首位，在我国的战略性矿产资源清单中居重要地位。稀土是一个成矿过程易于达到矿床工业要求的矿种，因此 “稀土不稀”已成为地质学家的共识。世界稀土资源丰富，其储量足以满足当前和今后相当长一段时间世界高新技术发展需求；但某些种类的重稀土仍然短缺，需要寻找更多新的矿产地。当前中国在稀土储量规模、稀土产能和稀土精炼能力上具有绝对优势，在稀土功能材料市场上具有相对优势；但在发挥稀土产业整体优势、优化矿产资源和加工技术资源的市场配置方面尚需要政策引导。对西方国家针对中国另建集团内稀土供应链的活动，应采取积极的化解措施，尽可能保持和扩大我国现有稀土供应链特别是精炼与功能材料的市场份额。目前西方集团另建供应链违背市场规律，必定增加成本，不是一种优化的、可持续的选择。只要我国对国内稀土产业发展政策与国际贸易关系上处理得当，巩固和扩大当前的以我国为主导的稀土中下游产品供应链格局是可能的，将使另建的各种供应关系消失于无形。

关键词: 稀土, 产业, 储量, 产量, 精练, 功能材料, 供应链, 配额

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