This paper, based on provincial panel data from 2007 to 2016, uses TOPSIS to study the dynamic changes and regional variance of water resource carrying capacity of provinces along Yangtze River economic zone with results showing a slowly declining trend, mostly contributed by water resource sub-system and social sub-system. Water resource carrying capacity decreases toward the down-stream with Chengyu economic zone seating on the top from regional difference. Viewing from provinces, Jiangxi, Guizhou, Shanghai, Hu'nan, Yunnan, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Chongqing, Hubei and Anhui are in a decreasing order. From spatial distribution, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Hu'nan and Shanghai bear the higher capacity. It is also of a falling coupling coordination. It is found that water production, urban daily water use, GDP growth rate and waste water handling investment proportion cast a large influence on water resource carrying capacity. Generally, water carrying capacity of Yangtze River economic zone is at a medium level probably due to large population, inappropriate industrial structure and low water recycling rate. Suggestions are presented accordingly.