Circular economy is the only way to sustainable development of resources-based cities. This paper, based on DEA model, incorporates the resources comprehensive utilization and wastes circular utilization into the evaluation system, establishes DEA model in circular economy, which is applied in 9 resources-based cities, Harbin, Jixi, Hegang, Shuangyashan, Daqing, Qitaihe, Mudanjiang, Heihe and Daxing，anling to evaluate the relative effectivity and technical effectivity in circular economy with suggestions. Harbin, Daqing and Daxinganling are developing well in circular economy, Mudanjiang and Heihe are at a junior stage with technical effectivity but decreasing benefits, and the other four cities are lagging which is an obstacle in Heilongjiang，s circular economy.
As most western resources-based cities enter into a stable or declining production stage, their sustainable development is largely baffled by non-renewable resources and ecological environment. This paper, based on the evaluation of ecological load in Panzhihua，s three administrative districts, concludes that industry park ecologicalization can promote a sustainable development in Panzhihua. During its transformation, Panzhihua shall convert the industry zones into ecological parks, focusing on construction planning, establishing ecological chains and enhancing park environment, which can provide reference for Panzhihua or other western resources-based cities in their sustainable development and economic transformation in case of resources exhausted.
This paper presents a concept of transformation efficiency and establishes an index system to evaluate the transformation efficiency in resources-based cities in Shanxi province based on DEA model, and measures the transformation efficiency in 2006—2009 from macroscopic economy, and analyzes the issues during economic transformation. Their transformation efficiency always lies between 0.87~0.91, but variable in cities. Comparison between DEA and crossing evaluation show that the transformation efficiency is higher in Lüliang and Jincheng, low in Xinzhou by its low-input-low-output structure. Several cities fluctuates in single years. These cities shall make strategies for transformation according to their situation.
Laterite nickel ore in Southeast Asia is a hotspot of Chinese mining investment. Concerning the overseas mining investment, it is very important to analyze investor,s abilities and investment environment in host countries. Based on SWOT analysis, this paper clarifies some crucial factors including strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, and presents an investment strategy(combined SO and ST strategy). According to national conditions and authors-experiences, six suggestions are given to government and enterprise who prefer to invest laterite nickel mining in Southeast Asia.
This paper aims at approaches to the farmland protection of Yancheng during urbanization based on site investigation and collected information. The main issues in farmland protection lie in the farmland which has been over occupied by construction and the overall farmland quality is poor. In occupancy-compensation balance, the occupied is quality farmland but the most compensated is newly-developed mudflat, poor in quality, which can not reach a dynamic occupancy-compensation balance in gross farmland quantity. This paper concludes that the core of farmland protection shall be planning, saving construction lands and improving farmland quality.
Predominant ore resources are key to a country,s economy, science and even defense security. However, China lacks theory and methods in defining its predominant ore resources. This paper, based on SMART-ROC technology, defines and analyzes China,s predominant ore resources, including graphite, tungsten, REE, antimony, barite, molybdenum, magnesite, tin, phosphate, diatomite, coal and fluorite, which have synthetic advantages in resource, mining/processing, market and resource substitute. The former four have absolute advantages and the rest have relative advantages. In review of the dynamic of predominant ore resources, this result can only be applied in the coming three to five years, which requires of definition of predominant ore resources to be carried out periodically by improving evaluation methods.
Kyrgyz Republic is located in the middle Asia and abounds in ore resources in gold, antimony, mercury, tin, tungsten, copper and iron, and ranks ahead both in the world and among the former Soviet Union nations by production. This paper gives an introduction to its advantageous ore resources, geological works, investment and mining policies, analyzes its pros and cons in mining sector and presents suggestions for Chinese mining investors.
This paper classifies mines with mining rights into constructing mine, producing mine and residual mine. Mining right assessment on constructing mines is focused on recoverable reserve and investment validation, and that on producing mines is on remaining recoverable reserve and depreciation validation on gallery and ground construction, and that on residual mines is on reserve balance, remaining recoverable reserve, new resource estimation, and depreciation on gallery and ground construction. The residual mines deserve investment, including those ore remained which are difficult in mining and processing, of potential in finding new resources located in favorable mineralization zones. The overseas investment bears risks in exchange ratio, reserve, security and costs, which need serious evaluation before investing.
In view of the severe water resource utilization, this paper establishes a DEA model, taking agricultural water, production water, living water, labors and fixed asset as input and GDP as output, evaluates Lanzhous water utilization efficiency during 2000—2008, of which valid DEA years is 55%, without investment redundance and scant output, meaning an optimized input/output. During the year when DEA is invalid, resources are wasted, the elements utilization efficiency is not enough but increasing. DEA projection results can achieve an optimized resources allocation.
Prospecting potential evaluation has not been conducted in Huoxi basin. The grey clustering, applicable to targets with specified external expansion and unspecified connotation, is used to evaluate the potential of coalbed methane in Huoxi basin. This paper applies hierarchy analysis to determine the indexes and their weighted scores, sets up an index system to evaluate the prospecting potential of coalbed methane in Huoxi basin. The northern part is of good potential, or excellent potential locally, where is target to explore and develop the coalbed methane; while the southern part is poor and is not suggested for exploration.
This paper, aiming to classify the engineering types in land development and consolidation in Jiangxi province, uses overlapping analysis and clustering analysis to classify Jiangxi ,s engineering types based on county basic unit and expert decision system. According to engineering type classification method for provincial land development and consolidation, Jiangxi,s 99 counties(cities, districts) are classified as 3 class I type regions, Poyang lake low hills region, central Jiangxi hillsbasins region, and Jiangxisurrounding mountains region, and 6 class II type regions(engineering mode), lake-plain mode, river-plain mode, low hills mode, valley basin mode, sandstone hills mode and low hill to mountain mode. And a map is completed with their distribution. This classification has been proven feasible, providing technical support to Jiangxi,s land development and consolidation.
Shandong as China,s No.1 gold producer plays a key role in China,s mining sector and in its economy by its gold mining and production. The current issues for Shandong,s gold industry include scant advanced processing, low craftwork level, short gold resource and uncompleted gold chain. This paper, based on Schumpeter,s innovation theory, presents that innovation is the only way to the sustainable development of Shandong,s gold industry, including processing innovation, raw material control innovation and organization innovation. The innovation forms lie in improving gold processing level, finding new gold resources and planning a rational enterprise layout and constructing a complete industrial chain.
Peking Man Site at Zhoukoudian is situated on the Dragon Bone Hill of Fangshan District of Beijing and it is a world famous palaeoanthropologcal site. The site as one of the most important paleoanthropological discoveries of the 20th century is an outstanding example of the prehistorical human societies of the Asian continent from t〖JP3〗he Middle Pleistocene to the Palaeolithic Age. In 1987, Peking Man Site at Zhoukoudian was inscribed as a cutural heritage on the World Heritage List by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee. Until today, Peking Man Site holds as ever important scientific and cutural values, which provides the more precise scientific data for the study of the evolution, behaviour, ecology and environment than global contemporary early man. This paper gives an outline of characteristics of Peking Man Site at Zhoukoudian. The site could be compared with other similar world heritage sites in the world. At present, the site is facing main threats, including the lack of overall management plan, urban development, natural disasters, etc. The paper points out existing problems and puts forward relevant protective strategies to protect the outstanding universal value, including authenticity and integrity so as to promote sustainable development of the world heritage site.
There are 120 mines mainly active in Fangshan and Mentougou regions. This paper, based on mine data, analyzes the status of geological environment of mines from the destroyed land resources, secondary geological disasters and aquifer to water environment. The status is a severe issue. About 22% of mines have launched treatment. This paper presents approaches in management, technology and economy, favorable for the sustainable development of Beijing,s ore resources and regional economy.
Cultural industry policies relates to the orientation and direction of one nation,s cultural industry, and are a key part in supporting and leading a sustainable development. Geological cultural industry as a vital component in cultural industry, and shall be developed during socialism cultural construction. This paper summarizes the elementary components and features of nation,s cultural industrial policies, and analyzes the objectives and resources construction framework, industrial organization, and industrial layout, and presents policies in promoting geological cultural industrialization from policies, planning, fund, organization, and technical support, etc.
This paper analyzes the Russia,s three coal basins, Kuznetsk, Tunguska and Lena, in geological features of coalbed methane and summarizes their favorable and unfavorable conditions for development, and determines the favorable regions and prospective regions. Kuznetsk coal basin, bearing many coal beds, thick, abundant coalbed methane resources at high concentration, plus natural environment and logistics, is favorable region for coalbed methane. Tunguska and Lena coal basins, abundant in coalbed methane but constrained by natural environment and poor logistics, are only prospective regions for coalbed methane.
Tibet is abundant in ore resources, which are key to Tibet，s economic development if well developed. This paper, from resource abundance, economy, technology and environmental protection, presents a criteria to Tibet，s predominant ore resources, abundant in resource, rational in economy, feasible in technology and allowable in environment. Based on exploration achievements, this paper introduces the distribution, potential and development approaches of Tibet，s predominant ore resources as copper, chrome, antimony and saline minerals.
This paper discusses the sense of land rehabilitation planning and studies its feasibility. Rehabilitation planning is pivot to the whole rehabilitation and requires the rehabilitation be proceeded while mining, and ensures the capital and preserves the topsoil. Rehabilitation projects include soil reconstruction, vegetation reconstruction, adjuvant works, monitoring and maintenance. Rehabilitation works are poor in feasibility due to their static operation which can not match the dynamic mining, small scale maps, and absence of blocks, which can be improved through ecological ways at the early destroyed land stage, planning fitting with phased and annual designs, a local project ahead the overall project, and a detailed project execution map.
Chaoshan sag is mainly composed of Mesozoic strata. It was only one exploration borehole drilled on its margin; as a result the exploration level is extremely low. Due to the rich seismic data, the study on seismic facies-sedimentary facies is carried in this paper. The Mesozoic of Chaoshan sag can be divided into three seismic sequences and eight seismic facies are identified according to the reflecting characteristics of seismic wave group. Based on the mapping of seismic facies and seismic sequence isopach, the sedimentary facies distribution in different periods of Mesozoic can be recovered. This study can provide fundamental basis and advice for further exploration work as well.
Lixia river region as a famous lagoon wetland is of good prospect to develop fishery tourism. This paper, based on a case study on Yancheng,s Jiulongkou wetland, uses SWOT to analyze its pros and cons, opportunities and challenges, and presents strategies in molding tourism brand, developing specialized culture, enhancing tourism auxiliary construction, improving staff,s training and expanding the financing and investing channels.
This paper, based on seismic data, well logging data and previous achievements, studies the structural features of Nenjiang-Qingbaikou formation in Songliao basin,s western slope, where had undergone depression and reverse tectonics with diversified fault types, NNE and NNW striking, but small size. Regional structures can be divided into three zones, eastward, western simple slope zone, central anticline zone and eastern depression zone. Small scale structures are developed with fault-anticline, fault-nose and structural-litho traps. Faults characterized by high angle and small faulted displacement and widely-spreading anticline-litho conduits form vertical channels as a good oil-gas migration path, connecting the hydrocarcon source in eastern depression and controlling the oil-gas traps.
Requested by low carbon economy, a concerted development in economy, society and environment necessitates improvement in environment control efficiency and an optimized environmental resources allocation. The traditional environment control model is based on an anisomerous information and high trading cost and confines the environmental resources from optimization. This paper presents innovation in environmental property regionalization, property right ownership personified, and environment quota quantifying, which can help environment companies monopolize the environment quota and reach an optimized environment quota, and then decrease control cost, boost control efficiency, transfer “end treatment” to “front treatment” in environmental protection and facilitate a sound development of low carbon economy.
In order to quantitatively study the temporal-spatial variance of carbon emission effect in Shaanxi,s land use, this paper measures the carbon emission and absorption quantity in 2000—2007, and analyzes the regional variance by using the carbon emission Gini coefficient. The total carbon emission rises from 2000 to 2007, up to 49440.8kt in 2007, by 9.46%. Spatially, Guanzhong ranks top followed by northern Shaanxi and by southern Shaanxi. According to the carbon emission Gini coefficient by regions, generally Shaanxi has an increasing carbon emission and so inside the three regions. According to the carbon emission Gini coefficient by land use means, the imbalanced regional construction lands is a key part in carbon emission variance in Shaanxi,s land use.
Yangyun town is a place where debris flow frequently happens in Gaizhou city and suffers from economic loss. This paper, based on the debris flow happened in July, 1981, studies the debris flow accumulation, terrain and vegetation, analyzes the features and conditions of debris flow. This study indicates that this debris flow is derived from flooding, large, accumulating coarse gravels, poor sorting and roundness. Materials are from the nearby mountain, weathered granite. Debris flow most occurs in the rainstorm seasons in July to August, follows along steep and deep valleys and accumulates in the valley mouth. The rainstorm is an evocator for this debris flow.
Fractal dimension can effectively describe complex textural features. The traditional automatic classification of remote sensing is mainly based on the spectrum feature information of data, which is difficult to utilize the textural information of remote sensing image throughly and effectively. With the wide application of HR remote sensing data in recent years, problems such as how to quantize textural features, how to classify ground objects according to their respective textural features are arousing many scholars’ concern. Based on the comparison of different effects of operator extraction on different edges, the study takes edge extractions on Quickbird data of four kinds of typical land cover types, and calculates dimensions of image sample boxes on the platform of Matlab. It is found of significant difference for box dimensions of these land cover classifications by comparison, thus fractal dimension can be utilized to quantize textural features of remote sensing images and by which, different land cover types can be classified effectively.
Coal is a major energy resource in China. Coal industry is a leading industry in those provinces abundant in coal, but is imbalanced in development. This paper, from Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi and Shaanxi, applies PCA to establish an index system composing of 4 factors and 11 indexes at actual competitiveness level and at potential competitiveness level, uses SPSS 16.0 software to process relevant data and works out their competitiveness index and rank that in actual competitiveness level, Shanxi ranks top, then Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and Shaanxi. Xinjiang ranks first at potential competitiveness level. This paper presents suggestions in clustering development and collaborative construction in coal industry.
Tourist flow is a core of tourism geography and a base for regional tourism market as well. This paper, based on Chongqing,s domestic tourist flow, analyzes its time, flowing direction and volume. The temporal structure of tourist flow in yearly and seasonal indexes, the spatial structure of flowing direction and the volume features by using geographic index and spatial using curve show a seasonal feature that tourist flow has a temporal concentration, Chongqing as a passing place not the destination in flow direction, and a single and concentrating tourist source in volume with a large-concentration-small-dispersion spatial structure.
Nanhu lake, the second largest lake in Wuhan city, has effects on its surrounding houses by scenic ecology, as people,s living level is rising. This paper, based on indoors scene and questionnaires, applies CVM to evaluate the effect of Nanhu lake,s indoors scene to Wuhan,s real estate, and measures the actual payments at Nanhu lake. Their comparison shows a positive effect that the more rooms where occupant can see the Nanhu lake, the higher price, but the added values are not reflected by house prices, the buyer,s payments are less than half of its values.
Xingtai is a resources-based city with metallurgy, coal and building materias as its pillar economy, characterized by diversified ore resources and centralized predominant ores. A short in investment in geological survey and exploration led to less newly-discovered deposits. The development of existing mines is still primitive and ores are wasted. Most shallow mines have been mined for a long term and fell largely in resources. Mine geological environment has been destroyed. This paper, by using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, cases and standards, studies the situation in industrial structure in resources-based cities, analyzes the economic development and resource use situation and industrial structural evolvement in Xingta city, compares its industrial structure with other cities, and presents suggestions for Xingtai’s industrial transformation.
Resources-based cities are unavoidably to face an industrial transformation due to the resources can be depleted someday. China＇s natural resources presence, constrained by special historical setting at the beginning of P. R. China, leads to widely-spreading resources-based urban areas, declining largely, which is catching much attention from governments and experts. This paper, based on a theoretical analysis on industrial transformation and tourism industry and a case study on Liupanshui, a coal-based city, studies its tourism industry position and merits in transformation via circular economic method, implying a big potential in its tourism industry and a big in industrial association, but small in scale currently. It is positioned to be a leading industry. This paper gives suggestions following circular economic theory in tourism development and protection in Liupanshui＇s industrial transformation feasibility.
Huaibei as an old coal city is stepping into a resource exhausted stage, which requires an adjustment in industrial structure and economic transformation. Tourism as a leading sector in the third industry is of later developing advantages. Tourism can be an approach to industrial transformation of Huaibei to replace coal industry in that tourism bears advantages in resources, transportation, development and propaganda. The key contents for Huaibeis future tourism development lie in strategy, market and spatial layout.
Xiangxi is a vital base for China’s Mn-Zn industry with mining economy as a leading economy, which influences its industrial economic growth, foreign currency and tax. Mining also drives a development of processing, logistics, transportation, etc. But it still has some structural issues such as illogical mine layout, poor development and utilization level, low intensive extent, wasted resources, mine environment and safety. This paper presents suggestions for Xiangxi’s sustainable development from industrial structure adjustment, mining rights trading, resources increment, and circular economy.
As economy goes fast, China’s resources-based cities are facing industrial structure transformation, which has a impact on the sustainable development. This paper, according to the theory of regional economics and industrial economics, expands the factors of industrial structure transformation capacity, uses factor analysis to establish index system from supply, demand and foreign investment, and compares their transformation capacities from 9 indexes in 46 cities in five western provinces, and analyzes their transformation speed and direction. The results show that Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi are relatively strong while Shanxi is weak. This paper presents suggestions improving industrial structure transformation capacity in five western provinces.
This paper summarizes the energy reservation and emission reduction policies in China and the Western and compares them from objectives, main body and means, and finds out the bugs in China’s policies. Combined with the Western’s advanced experiences, this paper presents suggestions in taxation, financing and energy pricing and performance evaluation, attempting to optimize China’s policy system and to propel the execution of energy reservation and emission reduction.
A critical requirement in environment is cumbering technical innovation for petroleum companies. The common constraints in development of low-permeability oil-gas fields lie in difficult identification of reservoir, small reservoir pore, low permeability, and low watering effect need extensive technology and professionalism, but any company can not hold all these resources by itself. An open innovation provides via a cooperation mechanism a workable approach for petroleum companies to use and incorporate internal & external resources by sharing resources and renewing advantages, offers inter-companies cooperation hunting for marketing advantages, and improves technical innovation capability.
Mining provides raw materials and energy for one nation’s development, and is an unavoidable industry for economic development. As China’s mining goes on, mine environmental issues happen. Mining must be based on sustainable development and economy can not sacrifice environment, which requires a bond system in mine environmental rehabilitation. This paper, based on environmental issues due to mining, expands its concept and contents, presents principles and suggestions on how to optimize the bond system combined with the status of China’s bond system in mine environment rehabilitation.
Ore resources are a base for industrialization. China, according to the life cycle theory of ore resources demand, will be depending upon more on overseas ore resources until 2020. This period will be a golden opportunity for China to acquire the overseas ore resources in that the developed countries had completed the industrialization. This paper, based on Japan’s legal system, suggests establishing “Investment Approaches to Overseas Ore Resources Development”, stresses a favorable taxation and improving an insurance system on overseas investment, and recommends to set up agencies so as to promote overseas ore resources development.
This paper, based on a case study on Longnan county, Jiangxi province, applies site investigation, single factor analysis and comprehensive evaluation to set up of index system and method in studying rural residential land economical and intensive use. The index system is established from four aspects, rural headland relation, land use intensity, land use investment intensity and land use benefits. The evaluation method is based on single factor and comprehensive analysis. Longnan county is generally low in land economical and intensive use with a higher land use potential, especially in Dongjiang town, Wenlong town, Anjishan, Jilian town. This paper suggests enhancing land consolidation and new rural construction in Longnan county, decreasing rural construction land use and increasing urban construction land use.
This paper, based on case study on Qinghe county, discusses the application of system theory in land use structural optimization, analyzes the situation and issues of land use structure, and establishes grey linear planning model combined with economic needs and planning indexes which is employed to set up three plans of land use structural optimization, among which the best one is selected by using AHP. In 2020, farmland:park:forest:other farmland:urban land:rural residential land:plant land:transportation land: water works land:other construction land:unused land shall be 68.03 :3.14:1.91:5.56:6.06:10.72: 0.14:1.57:0.07:0.10:2.71, which is an optimized structure, favorable for ecological, economic and social benefits and sustainable development.
