Dual-core city cluster is a special geographic feature during China's city cluster development. This paper uses synergy theory and growth polarity theory to establish a dual-core city cluster compound system, applies compound system synergy model and 2011-2017 panel data to measure the order of central city sub-system, order of port city sub-system and synergy of compound system of eastern China's four dual-core city clusters, providing references for theory and practice of such city cluster coordinated development. Results show their synergy displays a rising trend, entering an excellent coordinated developing stage, marked by high-low-low high. Orders of central city sub-system and coastal city sub-system are rising at same pace. Central city sub-system has experienced disorder to a rising order synergy, varying in the south and north that northern central city generally prevails the south during 2011 to 2017. Orders of port city sub-system do not show a conspicuous high-low-low-high trend, below the central city sub-system.
Environmental pressure arising from economic development and industrial operations may indicate the sustainable development level of industries, and also of importance in promoting industrial sustainable development and environmental pollution prevention and control. This paper uses Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) model and LMDI decomposition and GDP per capita as economic indicator of Hunan province during 2000 to 2018, industrial solid waste, water waste, SO2, fog emission as environmental pollution indicators to analyze the relation between industrial pollution and economic growth, and discusses the driving factors from industrial cleaning technology effect, industrial energy efficiency effect, industrial productive structure effect, economic size effect, and population size effect. An upside-down N-shape exists among industrial water waste, SO2 and GDP per capita in Hunan province, an upside-down U-shape among industrial solid wastes, fog and GDP per capita, both curves passing the inflection points, suggesting a continuously improved environmental pressure. Industrial pollution is limited by industrial cleaning technology effect and industrial energy efficiency effect, but driven by industrial structure effect, economic size effect, and population size effect, of which economic size effect is the leading factor. This paper presents suggestions on reducing industrial pollution and promoting economic growth.
Under the Belt and Road, China's OFDI has shaped their industrial structure upgrading in Mekong river nations. This paper analyzes its impacting mechanism, establishes national industrial structure upgrading model, and uses direct investment stock and economic indicators of China on five Mekong river nations to analyze its impacts of China's OFDI on Mekong river nations in their industrial structure upgrading via medium effect. China's OFDI pushes their industrial structure upgrading generally, with an annual increasing rate 7.31 units during 2008 to 2018, through technical overflow, productive elements supply and three productivity effects, of which productivity effect contributes the most. Under the background of Lancangjiang-Mekong cooperation, it should be addressed that China's OFDI exerts a positive influence on Mekong river nations. A supportive investment policy will better construct the united Lancangjiang-Mekong coalition.
China has recently issued a policy “new 36 articles” encouraging private capital to enter energy industry. Under the setting of the Belt and Road, this paper selects panel data of China's listed energy enterprises during 2014 to 2018 and uses DEA model to estimate their operating efficiency. Tobi model and panel threshold model are built upon proportion of private capital to analyze the impacts of private capital entry into China's energy enterprises on operating efficiency, and to explore if this impact will change structurally as energy enterprises size changes. It is concluded that their operating efficiency is generally low and there is a prominently positive impact of proportion of private capital. A threshold effect exists in enterprise size, 80,544 million RMB, that a little impact if it is lower than the threshold, greatly positive impact over than that. Their operating efficiency is also outstandingly positively impacted by human capital and total asset turnover, negatively by enterprise size.
In order to push industrialization, to promote sustainable development, to reach energy-saving and emission reduction and to improve energy efficiency, this paper combines static analysis with dynamic analysis to measure energy efficiency of industrial enterprises in Heilongjiang province. Based on Heilongjiang's 13 cities, this paper uses industrial panel data of 2013 to 2018 and data envelopment to evaluate industrial energy efficiency with environmental factor considered in Heilongjiang province. The result shows a rising industrial efficiency, mainly contributed by technical advances and improved management. Geographically, the energy efficiency is not balanced, highest in the western, followed by the central and low in the eastern. Decomposition of the total element variables may suggest the improved technical efficiency be the major factor. Redundancy is used to measure the saving potential of industrial input elements, and measurement of redundancy from gas and air emission provides references for Heilongjiang to make objectives in emission reduction.
Under the current economic situation, green development, resource-saving and environment-friendly society lies in increasing green technical innovation capacity, which relies upon internal self-search, and also upon openness to gain global technical overflow. This paper selects 17 nations as China's technical overflow, taking green patent as green technical innovation indicators, employs China's provincial panel data of 2007 to 2017 to establish a spatial Dubin model which serves to check the impacts of global technical overflow on China's green technical innovation. China's provincially environmental technical innovation is characterized by outstanding spatial clustering, with local closely related to its vicinity geographically. Global technical overflow from imported trading largely promotes the green technical innovation where the imported is. Global technical overflow from bidirectional FDI plays a negative role, but internal research capital stock does positively. Interaction between OFDI and internal research capital stock enhances the green technical innovation.
This paper, in order to study impacts of coordinated concentration of manufacturing and industrial servicing on green developing efficiency, uses 27 central cities of Yangtze river delta city cluster as a case to study the impacting degree of coordinated concentration of manufacturing and industrial servicing on green developing efficiency by means of GMM model, with factors threshold effects considered. Single industrial concentration of manufacturing and industrial servicing promotes green developing efficiency, and coordinated concentration does more. Among the controlling variables, economic development, industrial structure, human capital, infrastructure, environmental regulation, foreign capital use and urbanization impact green developing efficiency in a variable way at different concentrating statuses. Under coordinated concentration, human capital and foreign capital use with threshold effects promote green developing efficiency more if over the threshold effects. This paper presents constructive suggestions for Yangtze river delta city cluster on green developing efficiency.
Coal power generation is the second largest water use industry in China; its fast expansion puts pressures on water resources; water use quota management is supposed to be a vital means in saving water for coalpower generation industry. This paper, based on benchmark energy efficiency level of nationwide coal power plants, uses multiple regression model to evaluate water use intensity and factors of unit power generation in coal power plants, and estimates the expected water saving quantity in accordance with the latest edition of Coal Power Water Use Quota. The suggested general water use quota has little push on motive of saving water upgrading for coal power plants. Total saving water may be 122 millions cubic meters in 2020 given all plants comply with the suggested quota, but could be up to 823 millions cubic meters if three northern China regions satisfy the quota where water resources are rare, while other regions reach a premium quota. Viewing from technical perspective, water saving quantity proportions of circular cooling, direct cooling and air cooling are 58.6%, 18.7% and 22.8% under differentiated scenarios. Water saving quantity in eastern and northern China is over 200 millions cubic meters, around one forth nationwide, 108 million cubic meters in northwestern China, and 53 million cubic meters in northeastern China, the least.
During using water from trans-national Lanmei stream, Lanmei cooperation shall be based on governmentally global cooperation in balancing each nation's interests. This paper, aiming at possible water over use issues without united management system, presents Lanmei cooperation based on a case study on Laos Shawn-Thailand Modahan gaming behavior, and theoretically analyzes the water use factors of gaming players. A gaming model is established between two nations which is used to study the strategic selection and evolutional stability. Simulation via Matlab indicates its effects of governmentally strategic selection. Lanmei cooperation should enhance supervision and punishment, increase feedback rate of random inspection to urge governments to use water appropriately. The established differentiated punishment coefficient is of catalysis on gaming shrinking period. Governments will prefer to select rational water use in the global cooperation on Lanmei stream water resource if at a lower developing cost, raised benefits, loss upon irrational water use, and external overflow effect from the other gaming player.
China's water rights trading system is becoming mature, but its pricing as the key issue has not yet a rational standard. This paper, aiming at providing theoretical basis for reforming China's water rights trading price and at exploring an appropriate price and at researching the possible issues in water rights trading market, selects Murry-Darling stream water rights trading data during July 2008 to July 2019 to establish a transferred bi-district and tri\|lagging Markov model, which is used to study the fluctuated water rights trading price at different districts in Murry-Darling region. There are two statuses in water rights trading price, highly and lowly fluctuated,with almost same duration. Fluctuation of price is of inertance, not only subject to the changes of natural conditions, but also closely related to Australia's policies. Predicted water rights trading price by MS-VAR model offers references for the both trading sides and for government to make decision. This paper presents suggestions on establishing a sound alerting system for water rights trading price to guarantee rational water rights trading price.
To discover if the electric vehicles have the good energy-saving and emission-reducing merits in their lifecycles, this paper applies lifecycle evaluation and GREET model to calculate their energy consumption and pollution emission of PHEV and BEN, and compares the results with the traditional vehicles (GICEV) to evaluate their environmental benefits of EV. PHEV and BEV are lower than the GICEV in total energy consumption during the lifecycles by 18.94% and 24.72%, with outstanding energy saving advantages on driving. The two EVs have lower pollution emissions than GICEV in CO2, NOx, CO and VOC, of which BEV contributes most to CO and VOC emission reduction by 90.34% and 44.39%; however, SOx has an increment by 2.57 times. Generally, PHEV and BEV decrease the environmental loads by 24.25% and 40.72% compared with GICEV. When considering the negative externality, the pure economic costs of EVs are closer to the real costs, favorable for emission reduction. China will benefit from expansion of EV if Chinas energy structure can be optimized.
This paper uses water footprint theory and provincial panel data 2004 to 2018 to evaluate the water resource benefits of Yangtze river economic zone, and applies spatial quantitative model to study the non\|linear impacts and spatial overflow of population, industries and economic urbanization on water resource benefits, with the results showing a rising economic efficiency and contributing rate of water resource in Yangtze river economic zone along with an increasing water resource pressure. Urbanization and water resource benefits show an outstanding spatial concentration. Industries and economic urbanization have a “U\|shaped” relation to economic efficiency of water resource, but an upside\|down “U\|shaped” relation to water resource pressure. Population urbanization acts in a reverse way. Population and industrial urbanization produce an apparent spatial overflow effect on water resource benefits with a threshold. Industrial and economic urbanization has broken through the threshold effect in Yangtze river economic zone, only leaving threshold in partially west for population urbanization.
Dependence on natural resources requires resource companies raise their resource use efficiency through innovation at tightening resource and environmental issues. This paper uses Shanghai\| and Shenzhen\|listed resource companies 2013-2017 data to establish a regression model which is employed to study the relation among governmental supports, internal control and innovation performances. Governmental allowance and tax refund are outstandingly positive with innovation performances at 1% level, while internal control is outstandingly positive at 10% level on resource companies with governmental allowance, at 1% level with tax refund. This paper suggests governments continue to support resource companies innovation, especially for those with good internal control. Resource companies shall transform views, fulfil their advantages and improve their internal control to increase their innovation performance in independent development.
Ecological compensation is a vital mechanism in balancing regional economy and eco\|environmental protection. How to determine compensation standard and how to distribute compensation fund is a hard point. This paper uses eco\|system servicing value, GIS and remote sensing to analyze the changes in land use types and eco-system servicing values of Yangzhou in 2010, 2015 and 2018, which is applied to determine the upper limit of ecological compensation of water receiving area. ECPS is adopted to distribute the compensation fund. Yangzhou's land use structure has changed a lot during 2010 to 2018, with eco-system servicing value dropping to RMB 46 799 million from 55 359 million, 90.38% from water use eco\|system. Water receiving areas shall pay 2 091 million compensation, but the upper payment limit is 1 359 million, indicating an adjusted value by secondary water servicing at 80.02%, core compensation. Compensation funds are to be distributed to Gaoyou (1 013 million), Baoying (508 million), Hanjiang (281 million), Jiangdu (179 million), Yizheng (93 million) and Guangling (17 million) in an decreasing order. This paper presents suggestions on improving water source ecological compensation mechanism from determining compensation targets, setting up supervision and forming multiple compensation.
This paper uses entropy to measure the resilience of Shandongs tourism economy, discusses its spatial pattern, and applies geographic detector and obstacle model to analyze its factors. The resilience of Shandongs tourism system is generally at a medium level, higher in Jinan, Qingdao, average in Yantai, Weifang, Linyi, Jining, and lower in northwest, southwest and southeast. It shows a “U-shaped” spatial pattern that Qingdao of high resilience and Jinan of relatively high resilience are connecting to southeast and east with medium resilience, the northwest is massively of low resilience. The spatial differentiation is mainly contributed by financial guarantee level (X1), resident consumption capabilities (X4), import & export level (X5). The chief obstacles against resilience are tourism major in university (D1), tourism economy reconstructing capability (C2), and tourism economy level (A2).
Green conflicts are surging among major engineering projects as concept of green development prevails. This paper establishes a bi-mode network of stakeholder\|environmental risk factors from conflicting subjects and behaviors based on their influences, which is used to analyze the network features and key procedures of China's 53 major cases during 2000 to 2018 by means of referee. The results show a conflicting network density at 0.457 1, indicating a strong internal viscosity. Stakeholders like local government, environmental administration, local residents, and media not only display a strongest influence in green conflicting network, but also play a strongest communicating role inward and outward crowd with unblocked communicating channels and strong will in exchanging information. This paper presents suggestions on establishing environmental risk alarming system with resolving key environmental issues and unblocked communicating channels are two first approaches to green conflict.
The gaming behaviors between governments and investors in water environmental governance PPP projects will impact the effectiveness. This paper, aiming at their cooperating mechanism, establishes an evolutional gaming model between government and investors in water environmental governance based on a payment matrix on the basis of government (administrating or not) and investors (cooperative or opportunistic), and discusses their evolutional stability strategy, and reveals the impacts of behaviors on ideal stable strategy (administrating and cooperative). Cases are studied by means of Matlab software.
Coal mining destroys eco\|environment, affecting the sustainable development in the mining area. This paper, aiming at the impacts of coal mining on vegetation coverage, uses Jincheng's Landsat TM remoting sensing data from 1987 to 2011 and coal mines distribution maps, and applies Flaash in ENVI 5.1 to gain the radiation brightness value from determining radiation, atmosphere calibration, and gain the average vegetation index of DVI, NDVI, PVI from jointing, trimming and wave band operatio. The data of DVI, NDVI and PVI are compared to obtain the changing trend of vegetation coverage in mining and non\|mining areas, where SPSS software is used to study their vegetation coverage variance. Value P of DVI and NDVI in mining and non\|mining areas is 0.048, 0.036, both less than 0.05, indicating vegetation coverage in mining area is obviously less than in non\|mining area, and DVI and NDVI in mining area are less than in non\|mining by 199.103 and 0.070. DVI and NDVI in mining area turned sharply in 2009 with an annual rising rate of vegetation coverage 24%, suggesting the policy of coal consolidation and acquisition improve the ecological environment to some extent.
Water resource allocation not only meets resident's production, living and ecological needs, but also increases resident's euphoria. This paper, based on published papers regarding water resource allocation from water volume, macroscopic economy and sustainable development, classifies water resource as living, ecological, agricultural and industrial water uses in accordance with fairness and balance in water resource allocation, and establishes an effective function of water resource allocation in maximizing residents euphoria. A water resource allocation model was constructed based on supply, demand and water quality, which is verified on a case study on Luoyang city. It concludes that the current water resource allocation can not maximize the residents water use if the total water resource keeps unchanged, which can be raised to 3.96 from 2.97 if living, agricultural, industrial and ecological water uses are adjusted to 262 million, 591 million, 442 million and 203 million cubic meters, respectively, suggesting the model of effectiveness in optimizing water resource allocation.
Russia today is in the process of modernizing its legislative system especially in occupational safety and health (OSH), labor protection, industrial safety, and emergency response management. The current legislative system mostly focuses on providing health compensation and medical, social assistance to injured workers while the new one focuses on risk prevention, aiming at raising the safe production level, cultivating a worker safety culture, and protecting workers lives through optimizing the risk management system and operation guidelines. The new standards require companies to incorporate occupational risk evaluation into their management system standards. This paper, based on a case study of the Bodaibinsky open\|pit gold mine in the Irkutsk region, discusses the modern risk assessment methodology, recognizes the evaluation must start with hazard identification, and catalogues risk sources. In the case study, “risk scoring” and (mathematical) “simulation matrix” methods were used to assess occupational risks. The results show that flying rocks, dust and excessive noise at blasting site are unacceptable risks. Enforcement of safe production regulations (i.e., comply with safety standards and technical requirements, provide workers with protective gears) can lower the risks level from high to an acceptable level. This paper describes in detail the high risk occupation and compiles a risk assessment manual. To improve working conditions is to first eliminate the risk factors affecting drillers and blasters and provide these workers with personal protective equipment(PPE).
Strategic metal minerals of specific material functions are irreplaceable in new energy, information technology, national security and military industry. A price linkage effects may exist among different strategic metal minerals, which possibly alter the operating costs and competitiveness of high-tech industries. This paper, based on case study on ten metals, zirconium, chromium, cobalt, lithium, aluminum, nickel, antimony, copper, tungsten and tin, uses a complex network method to establish a multidimensional price linkage network according to the Granger causality test of the relationship between the mineral prices, the measurement of Euclidean distance, correlation coefficient and the linkage of ups and downs. The result shows the network is of good connectivity and agglomeration, suggesting their price changes alter each other promptly. A similarity in agglomeration coefficient exists in the multidimensional price linkage network although their analyzing perspectives are different. Tins price can directly influence the other metals, rapidly. The linked price changes of the other metals in the network are mostly based on chromium. A strong agglomeration exists in sub\|group of tin, copper, antimony and aluminum during the process of price linkage, of which tin and copper are more stable and strongest in agglomeration.
This paper utilizes SBM(slack based model) to estimate the green efficiency of water resources in Yangtze river economic zone from 2004 to 2018, which is compared with the traditional economic efficiency and environmental efficiency to study its dynamic changes. Moran's index and spatial Dubin model are employed to analyze its spatial autocorrelation and spatial overflow effect to determine the factors influencing water resources green efficiency, in an attempt to promote green use and optimized allocation of water resources in Yangtze river economic zone. Study shows that the green efficiency of water resources in Yangtze river economic zone is declining windingly, more in upper- and middle-stream. The green efficiency of water resources is also of spatial concentration, obviously constrained by its vicinities in economy, environmental regulations, industrialized level and proportion of the third industry, but spatially overflowed in openness, urbanization, resources and agricultural water use rate. This paper presents suggestions on establishing mutual management of eco-environment, boosting openness, intensifying urbanization, improving infrastructures and increasing capital and technical inputs.
'This paper, according to China's industrial companies data from 1997 to 2007, uses OP to estimate total factor productivity of industrial companies, analyzes the impacts of land trading marketization on high-quality economic development from microscopic view, and discusses its heterogeneity and mechanism. Land trading marketization largely promotes the total factor productivity of companies, which is especially true for the companies in central to western China or low marketized provinces, with low financial pressure, or private, medium/small companies, mostly by means of relieving financing constraints, boosting innovation and optimizing resources allocation. This paper, aiming at promoting high-quality economic development, presents suggestions on raising land trading marketization level, fulfilling companies’ land financing, and mitigating local governmental financial pressure.
A coordinated interaction between economy and eco-environment has become a vital topic of social economy. In order to reach high\|quality development of Yangtze river economic zone, this paper uses spatial metering and panel threshold model to study the relation of industrial clustering with water pollution in 11 provinces (cities) in Yangtze river economic zone from 2007 to 2018 Such water environmental pollution has significant spatial autocorrelation. Impacts of industrial clustering on water environmental pollution in Yangtze river economic zone show a U-shaped curve, indicating existence of threshold in industrial pollution over water environmental pollution. Scale effect and structural effect of industrial clustering in Yangtze river economic zone have a striking double threshold effect on water environmental pollution with their exterior characteristics varying with industrial clustering levels, so does technical overflow effect, which will show a strong-to-weak trend on water environmental pollution as industrial clustering level grows.
As China's economic structure is being adjusted, resources based cities transformation has become a significant part of China's economic sustainable development, in which transformation policy plays a key role in transformation speed, direction and size. This paper uses policy tool classification, coding and frequency statistics to quantitatively analyze 47 pieces of transformation policies regarding resources\|based cities in China by means of PMC model. All levels of policy tools are of structural imbalance with governmental preference for environmental policy tools. Policy tools use is inconsistent, with policy supervision and evaluation missing. PMC index of 47 pieces of policies are qualified, but some get low scores in a few evaluation variables. Balancing policy tool structures and multiple-dimensional evaluation of policies may promote the transformation of resources based cities.
This paper uses references and PMC index model to establish an evaluation system based on 10 typical cases of water pollution control policies, which have been evaluated according to PMC index and PMC stereoscopic surface, aiming at offering references for high-quality green development and coordinated human\|water environment. Among the policies, 1 is perfect, 5 are excellent and the rest are acceptable. Their average PMC index is 8.17, suggesting a generally rational water pollution control policy design in China. This paper presents suggestions on optimizing water pollution control policies based on China's actual water ecological management from government-oriented mutual management, laws and supervision, increasing governmental and market capital input and intensifying technical supports, constructing balanced policy system, and encouraging diversified involvement and boosting ecological culture propaganda.
Water information disclosure is an important factor for water-sensitive companies to send information to capital market and gain returns. Whether or how the companies disclose water information becomes a focus for government and stakeholders. This paper, based on Shanghai\|listed chemical companies data from 2016 to 2018, establishes a multiple regression model to study the impacts of enterprise features, internal management, financial status and external factors on water information disclosure. Results show that enterprise size, listed periods, capital intensity, gross capital returns, public supervision pressure are positively related to water information disclosure level, but board proportion and Tobin Q value are negatively related to it. Equity concentration, asset debt rate, equipment renewal rate and local economic level have no significant impact on it. This paper, aiming at increasing water information disclosure quality, presents suggestions on establishing water information disclosure system, optimizing internal management and financial status and intensifying external supervision.
