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RELATION BETWEEN CHINESE GLOBAL GEOPARK MANAGEMENT AND COUNTYWIDE SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

MA Junjie, ZHANG Jianping, LIU Xiaohong, et al

Resources & Industries 2022, 24 (1): 1-7. DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20220221.001

Abstract （202）

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This paper, based on the statistical analysis of economic and social development of the counties where 41 Chinese global geoparks are located, aims at the issues in the development of Chinese global geoparks, draws on the development concept of global geoparks, and presents suggestion for sustainable economic development of the counties. It concludes that the counties have largely improved in fiscal revenue, total retail sales of consumer goods, and three industrial structural optimization in the three years after they have global geoparks. This paper suggests that China intensify database construction of population, resources, ecological environment, economy and social development, history and culture. China shall use “Statutes of international geoscience and geoparks programme” and “Operational guidelines for UNESCO global geoparks” to manage and develop Chinese global geoparks, boost the internal communication among Chinese global geoparks network, explore the management mode and development path of global geoparks with Chinese characteristics, integrate geological parks construction and development with “Two Mountains” theory and green development concept to jointly promote sustainable economic development of the counties where geoparks are located.

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THEORY AND RESEARCH ADVANCES IN WHOLE INDUSTRIAL CHAIN OF STRATEGIC MINERAL RESOURCES

AN Haizhong, LI Huajiao

Resources & Industries 2022, 24 (1): 8-14. DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20211221.007

Abstract （936）

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The world enters a new period of the fourth industrial revolution and the sixth technical revolution. The emerging new industries stimulate the demands of such mineral resources as lithium, cobalt, nickel and rare earth elements. To secure safe and sustainable development of strategic new industries, the major nations and economic units boost a guarantee of their strategic and key minerals, and issue a catalogue of strategic and key minerals appropriate for their situation. Mineral resources security refers to not only up-stream supply security, but also processing and transportation security. This paper, based on the latest policies and catalogues of China, USA, Europe and Japan, gives a summary from three aspects, namely the whole industrial chain definition of strategic mineral resources, research advances and research challenges. It also presents four frontier subjects for researching industrial chain of strategic mineral resources: whole industrial chain system margin and new content of resources security viewing from whole industrial chain, the complicated system construction of "trade-production-circulation" whole industrial chain, approaches to sustainable development of whole industrial chain of mineral resources with carbon peak and carbon neutrality objectives, and interactive mechanism among innovative chain, value chain, industrial chain, supply chain and capital chain.

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CARBON SINK POTENTIAL OF BEIJING'S FOREST UNDER CARBON PEAK AND CARBON NEUTRALITY

ZHANG Ying, LI Xiaoge

Resources & Industries 2022, 24 (1): 15-25. DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20210907.001

Abstract （674）

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This paper estimates the carbon stock and values of Beijing's forest resources, and forecasts forest carbon stock and carbon sink potential, and provides references for Beijing national forest city construction, realization of carbon neutrality goal. This paper, based on Beijing's forest survey data from 1973 to 2018, uses forest volume method to estimate the total carbon storage and changes of Beijing's forest resources, measures the carbon storage and value of different forest types, and applies GM(1, 1) grey model and power function model to forecast the carbon sink potential of Beijing's forest resources. Beijing's unit forest stock volume has been 29.98 m³/hm² over four decades, far below the nation's average of 73.56 m³/hm², leaving room for increment. The total carbon storage increases to 34 765.1 kt from 5 718.0 kt with a yearly rising rate 691.6 kt, of which forest carbon storage increases to 11 577.5 kt from 1 018.8 kt with a yearly rising rate 251.4 kt. Forest carbon density increases to 16.12 t/hm² from 5.09 t/hm², far below the nation's average of 41.50 t/hm². Forest carbon storage value increases to 1 430.886 1 million Yuan in 2018 from 67.066 6 million Yuan in 1976 by a yearly rising rate 32.471 9 million Yuan, amounting to a compound yearly rising rate 7.56%, of which artificial forest carbon storage value has a yearly rising rate 13.70%. Beijing's forest carbon storage is forecasted to be 22 556.9 kt by GM(1, 1), carbon sink to 915 kt/a from 2018 to 2030, forest stock volume to 47 488.3 km³ in 2030. Forest storage is forecasted to be 29 318.2 kt in 2030 by power function, carbon sink to 1 478.4 kt/a from 2018 to 2030, forest stock volume to 61 722.6 km³ in 2030, and forest coverage to 61.77%. Forecast results indicate that Beijing's forest city planning objectives, carbon peak and carbon neutrality can be realized. This paper concludes that Beijing's forest storage and value have increased since 1976 based on forest biomass and stock volume changes without considering economic and political factors. Beijing has a big forest carbon sink potential which may largely contribute to Beijing's carbon peak and carbon neutrality.

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SUPPLY SECURITY OF CHINA'S TITANIUM RESOURCE BASED ON ENTROPY TOPSIS MODEL

QU Jinzhi, ZHANG Yansong, ZHANG Yan, et al

Resources & Industries 2022, 24 (1): 26-36. DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20210708.001

Abstract （191）

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In order to study China's titanium security under complicated situations, this paper establishes an evaluation index system of titanium resource security, and uses entropy TOPSIS model to assess China's titanium resource supply security in 2000 to 2020. According to China's economy trend and external security environment,this paper defines the content of mineral resource security, and presents four dimensions needing attention, supply risk, demand situation, market risk and geographical security, which are further decomposed into 8 indexes such as commercial environment, domestic and international supply potential, consumption acceleration. Entropy is used to calculate the weights of indexes and a weighted matrix of China's titanium resource security evaluation is established. TOPSIS model is applied to determine the positive and negative ideal values of indexes, whose distance to China's titanium resource security evaluationis estimated by means of Euclidean distance, so that China's titanium resource supply security over time is evaluated. Importance of demand situation, supply security, geographical security and market risk to China's titanium resource security decreases, with major factors including external dependence (25.9%), domestic supply potential (17.4%), supply channel security (13.4%) and commercial environment (12.3%). The overall security indicator has decreased from 0.842 in 2000 to 0.290 in 2020, 0.125 to 0.008 in military security, 0.297 to 0.024 in supply security, and 0.122 to 0.024 in commercial environment, suggesting a worsening titanium supply security situation. The chief constraints on China's titanium resource security are poor resource transportation channel for military security, unstable political environment of exporters and fast domestic consuming capability. This paper presents suggestions on intensifying military transporting capacity, guaranteeing oceanic transportation, participating in global mining industry, establishing new mining pattern, optimizing operating mechanism and supporting overseas mining investment.

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ANALYSIS AND FORECAST ON COUPLING COORDINATION BETWEEN TECHNICAL INNOVATION AND WATER RESOURCES ENVIRONMENT IN ZHEJIANG PROVINCE

TONG Jixin, REN Dingwei

Resources & Industries 2022, 24 (1): 37-45. DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20211221.011

Abstract （136）

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This paper explores the coupling coordination between technical innovation and water resources environment in Zhejiang province, and forecasts its tendency so as to provide references for Zhejiang's green development, water resources environmental protection and high-quality development based on Zhejiang's 11 cities' technical innovation and water resources data from 2010 to 2019. A comprehensive evaluation index system is established with its indexes' weights determined via entropy, AHP and minimum relative information entropy, which is used to estimate the comprehensive evaluation values of technical innovation system and water resources environment system. Coupling coordination model is used to calculate the coupling coordination of the two systems. GM(1, 1) model is employed to forecast the coordination tendency in the next six years. The development levels of Zhejiang's technical innovation system and water resources system in 2019 are 0.398 1 and 0.458 7 with an annual increasing rate 14.62% and 3.94%. Technical innovation has a faster developing rate. The two systems vary with regions. The coupling coordination shows an increasing trend with Zhejiang's overall coupling coordination rising from 0.411 3 to 0.636 8, near disordered from 2010 to 2013, fairly ordered from 2014 to 2017, preliminarily ordered from 2018 to 2019, forecasted to be well ordered in next six years with a lagging annual increasing rate from 4.98% to 4.58%. The coupling coordination shows geographically a pattern of north-high-south-low, east-high-west-low, with forecasted no outstanding changes in next six years.From 2010 to 2019, Zhejiang pays much attention to technical innovation, optimizes water resources environment, and promotes a collaborative development between technical innovation and water resources environment, but spatial differences exist. This paper presents suggestions on boosting technical innovation, improving water resources environment, preventing a lagging coupling coordination, and reducing regional variance so as to reach a better coordinated development between technical innovation and water resources environment.

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SIMULATED INDUSTRIAL OPTIMIZATION OF YELLOW RIVER BASIN BASED ON IMPROVED SIR MODEL

YIN Qingmin, ZHU Qing

Resources & Industries 2022, 24 (1): 46-54. DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20211221.003

Abstract （143）

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The objectives of this paper are to evaluate industrial structural rationalization and escalation of the Yellow River Basin, study the factors of industrial structural development, and provide suggestions for optimizing industrial structure. According to 2009-2018 three industries production data and employment in the Yellow River Basin, this paper uses Hamming osculation and Moore structural index to estimate industrial rationalization and escalation, and applies improved SIR model to study the optimization factors under unmarked grid. Geographically, Hamming osculation between industrial production structure and employment structure is highest in the down-reach, followed by the middle- and then the upper-reach, average at 0.783 4 in the upper-reach, 0.795 6 in the middle- and 0.817 6 in the down-reach. Temporally, rationalization is gradually rising with an escalating industrial developing trend in general with variance among the three reaches. Industrial structural escalation is highest up to 8.792 0 in the down-reach, 6.296 0 in the middle- and 6.305 5 in the down-reach. Industrial structural changing rate has increased by 14.297 4(from 1.597 7 in 2009 to 15.895 1 in 2018) in the down-reach, by 9.183 4 in the middle- and by 9.536 9 in the upper-reach, displaying a pattern of rising upper-reach, fluctuating middle-reach and leading down-reach. Adjusting industrial influence has little impact on industrial structural optimization, if industrial initial proportion, industrial optimization success ratio and failure ratio keep constant. However, industrial optimization may be largely improved if it is possible to increase industrial optimization success rate and the re-optimization possibility of failed industries. This paper presents suggestions on boosting industrial optimization, upgrading failed industries, using "the Belt and Road" policy to intensity innovation in the middle- and upper-reach, and focusing on information technology and industrial cooperation in the down-reach.

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TEMPORAL-SPATIAL EVOLUTION OF PM_2.5 IN HUAI RIVER ECO-ECONOMIC BELT

PANG Qinghua, XIANG Min, ZHOU Weimo

Resources & Industries 2022, 24 (1): 55-64. DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20211221.013

Abstract （91）

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This paper analyzes the temporal-spatial evolution of urban air pollution in the Huai River Eco-economic Belt, explores urban air pollution changes with neighboring areas and provides references for making policies of air pollution control and prevention. According to PM_2.5 data of 28 cities in the Huai River Eco-economic Belt from 2015 to 2019, this paper uses descriptive statistics and Markov Chain to study the temporal-spatial evolution of air pollution and the urban air pollution type changes with neighboring air pollution types. The results show a decreasing air pollution with the feature of low-in-summer and high-in-winter. However, PM_2.5 is still above state's tier II threshold except months of July, August and September, and air pollution is still severe. Low or relatively low air pollution is stable, but medium or high air pollution are unstable, probably apt to turn into other pollution types and much impacted by spatial locations. Neighboring air pollution types unevenly impact urban air pollution type changes under different spatial lagging. Air pollution types display a decreasing spatial evolution pattern from northeast to southwest, with a tendency to low pollution generally and a diminishing regional difference. This paper concludes that the Huai River Eco-economic Belt has a decreasing urban air pollution with seasonal impacts and spatial difference. This paper presents suggestions on collaborating air pollution control and prevention through the across-regional collaboration system and air quality evaluation system.

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QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ON AIR POLLUTION CONTROL POLICY TEXTS BASED ON BEIJING-TIANJIN-HEBEI (JJJ) CITY CLUSTER

SHEN Weining, XIA Ziying, SU Shuang

Resources & Industries 2022, 24 (1): 65-72. DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20211122.001

Abstract （126）

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This paper, based on texts of air pollution control policies in JJJ city cluster, discusses the cooperative intentions of local governments and provides references for trans-regional air pollution collaborative controls. This paper uses 2009-2019 air pollution policies in JJJ city cluster to establish an analytical framework composed of time, issuers, types, word frequency, tools and counts, and to determine its evolutionary rule. Viewing from time scale, the air pollution control policy undergoes preliminary developing stage, stable transitional stage and stable control stage. Issuers vary with administrative regions, diversified in Beijing, Tianjin and Shijiazhuang, but comparatively single in other cities as governments. Text types are mainly notice, amounting to 73% with lower frequency in other forms.Word frequencies are highly concentrating on "pollution" "enterprise" and "control", respectively from 164, 127 and 110 policies. Policy tools are mainly on controlling, amounting to 43.57% in counts, far above marketing and volunteering tools. Policy counts vary with cities, less in collaboratively issuing policies, meaning a low collaboration in air pollution control and an insufficient interaction. This paper concludes that air pollution control in JJJ city cluster is a long-term and hard systematical project, which can be achieved by focusing on diversified control models, reconstructing new government network and improving collaborative controlling skills.A trans-regional collaborative mechanism of air pollution control needs to be formed to mutually control air pollution and stabilize trans-regional collaboration.

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MULTI-SCALE RESEARCH ON COUPLING COORDINATED DEVELOPMENT OF URBANIZATION AND ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT IN THE MIDDLE REACH OF YANGTZE RIVER

WU Jiao, LIU Run, HUANG Min

Resources & Industries 2022, 24 (1): 73-85. DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20211221.008

Abstract （116）

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The middle reach area of the Yangtze River is the transmission area for development of eastern, central and western China. It is also a key area in promoting new urbanization. Research on its coupling coordinated development of urbanization and ecological environment can provide references for the high-quality development of new urbanization in the middle reach of the Yangtze River. This paper establishes an evaluation index system of urbanization and ecological environment, and uses coupling coordinated model to study its temporal-spatial pattern of coupling coordination between urbanization and ecology in the middle reach of the Yangtze River in 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2017 at the scales of the entire middle reach of the Yangtze River, among city clusters, internal and external city clusters and citywide. GeoDa is used to test the overall and local auto-correlation. The results show a growing urbanization and ecological environmental level with coupling degree at antagonistic stage and coordination degree in the transition from preliminary imbalance to preliminary coordination. The overall coordinated degree of middle reach of the Yangtze River is 0.53. Urbanization is continuously rising among the four city clusters, with a fluctuated ecological environmental level. All city clusters are at a preliminary coordination in 2017, except Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan city cluster whose coordination reaches 0.6, a medium coordination. Both internal and external coordination of city clusters are from 0.57 to 0.62, which is a small gap. Spatial difference exists in coordination and coupling of city wide urbanization and ecological environment, with central cities being of prior-developing advantages. The rising coordination is mainly contributed by state supportive policies, industrial transformation, and local development. Spatial difference of coordination is mainly concentrated in Anhui and Hubei. High-high concentrating area is the eastern Jiang-Huai city cluster, and low-low is almost none. This paper concludes that the coupling coordinated development of urbanization and ecological environment in middle reach of the Yangtze River is growing but relatively low, with regional gaps. There is still a long way to realize the high-quality development.

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WUHAN'S INDUSTRIAL SPATIAL PATTERN BASED ON POI DATA

CHEN Cuifang, CHEN Xiaoli

Resources & Industries 2022, 24 (1): 86-95. DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20211221.004

Abstract （281）

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his paper analyzes the spatially differentiated agglomeration of Wuhan's industries and marks Wuhan's industrial zoning structure so as to provide references for Wuhan's industrial structural optimization and sustainable development. POI data is used for industrial classification. ArcGIS is applied to study Wuhan's industrial agglomerating features with its spatial core density method. Standard variance eclipse is used to estimate industrial center and development direction. Industrial spatial pattern is used to mark Wuhan's industrial zoning structure. Wuhan's agriculture and forestry show an agglomerating trend of "two cores, multiple points"; mining shows a massive with multiple points agglomerating trend in Huangpi and Jiangxia districts; other industries show "downtown core, rural multiple points" agglomerating trend, with subcenter of the third industry being around the new town. Industrial development is NE-SW oriented, of which the manufacturing, construction and the third industry are outbound along Yangtze River in the downtown areas. Wuhan's industrial development is of typical zonation. The outer zone is composed of the first industry and mining; the middle zone is composed of the 2^nd industry(except mining), public administration, social security, social organization, education, information transmission, software and information technology service; and the inner zone is composed of medical, water, environment and public service. Wuhan may rely on land and air transportation centers and technical advantages in the future, and lead industries to NE-SW as clusters in a pattern of "one core, multiple points, three zones" with the core of high-quality servicing, the middle zone of modern specific servicing and advanced manufacturing, the outer zone of rural new industries. This paper presents suggestions on keeping optimizing industrial structure and pushing high-quality industrial development.

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REGIONAL INTEGRATION, INNOVATION CAPABILITY AND GREEN DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY ON YANGTZE RIVER ECONOMIC BELT

CAO Ying, ZHOU Qin

Resources & Industries 2022, 24 (1): 96-106. DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20211221.002

Abstract （158）

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This paper uses super-efficient DEA model with non-expected output to measure green total factor productivity based on 1998-2017 panel data of 11 provinces in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, uses relative price variance to mark the market integration, and uses dynamic spatial Dubin model with one-stage-lagging green total factor productivity to conduct a regression analysis. The result shows that the green total factor productivity displays a U-shaped trend with the lowest value at 0.492 in 2006, and geographically, the upper-, down- and middle-reach are in a decreasing order. The integration index displays a spirally rising trend, up to the maximum of 1.527 in 2014, with an average value of 0.687 annually, highest in the middle-reach, followed by the upper-reach and then the down-reach. The green total factor productivity is of strong temporal inertia and spatial overflowing. Regional integration firstly constrains and then promotes the green development, while the innovation capability does little in the whole Yangtze River Economic Belt, but much in the middle-reach. Innovation capacity is expanding with an average mutual coefficient 0.1, promoting the green development under the setting of regional integration. Innovation cooperation is a pathway to green development in the upper-reach; a combination of regional integration and innovation capacity impacts ecological environment in the middle-reach; and the higher integration is, the lower green development efficiency is in the down-reach. This paper concludes that regional integration can boost green development after it reaches a certain level. A combination of regional integration and innovation capacity can improve the ecological environment in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. This paper presents suggestions intensifying regional cooperation and innovation, making appropriate policies, seeking innovative saving-energy-reducing-emission technical cooperation and decreasing low-efficient innovation input.

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SPATIAL OVERFLOWING EFFECT OF HETEROGENEOUS ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS ON WATER ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION: A CASE STUDY ON YANGTZE RIVER ECONOMIC BELT

SONG Min, ZHANG Yuanyuan

Resources & Industries 2022, 24 (1): 107-114. DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20211221.009

Abstract （200）

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This paper studies the current water pollution in the Yangtze River Economic Belt temporally and spatially, explores the impacts of heterogeneous environmental regulations on water environmental pollution and provides references for promoting appropriate use of water resources and green development. Based on eleven provinces' panel data from 2009 to 2019, this paper studies the temporal-spatial features of water environmental pollution, and uses Moran's Index to analyze its spatial auto-correlation, and applies spatial Dobbin model to elaborate the spatial overflowing effect of heterogeneous environmental regulations. The results show that water environmental pollution discharge is rising, faster in the upper-reach, slower in the middle- and down-reach under certain controls. The water environmental pollution is of clear spatial distribution showing a decreasing trend from down-reach to upper-reach. Command-controlling regulations can obviously restrain water environmental pollution discharge, especially under the economic matrix; however, market-stimulated environmental regulations do the contrast, and public-volunteer environmental regulations do little. Command-controlling environmental regulations have a negative spatial overflowing effect on water environmental pollution of neighboring provinces/cities; market-stimulated environmental regulations do less, and public-volunteer environmental regulations do little, which means public involvement should be intensified. It concludes that the Yangtze River Economic Belt is still not good in water environmental pollution, which needs further controls. Although command-controlling regulations are the best means to curb water environmental pollution, public involvement shall also be taken into consideration. Appropriate approaches vary with areas. This paper presents suggestions on cultivating space awareness and boosting collaborative controls.

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DECOUPLING STUDY ON INDUSTRIAL WATER USE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN YANGTZE RIVER DELTA REGION

ZHANG Hengquan, XU Tiantian, ZHANG Chenjun

Resources & Industries 2022, 24 (1): 115-125. DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20211221.005

Abstract （146）

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This paper measures the decomposition effects of industrial water use factors in the Yangtze River Delta region, analyzes the decoupling status and relation between industrial water use and economic development, and offers references for making industrial water use policies, mitigating water consumption, and boosting a high quality green development in the Yangtze River Delta region. Based on temporal data in the Yangtze River Delta region from 2001—2018, this paper uses LMDI model to decompose the factors of industrial water use changes, and applies Tapio elasticity index to study the decoupling relation between industrial water use and economic development. A decoupling effort model is built with removal of economic output effect, which is used to analyze the decoupling effort extent of the other factors of industrial water use reduction. The factors of industrial water use could be decomposed to four major effects. Water-saving technology has an accumulative effect of -73.101 billion m³, which mainly inhibits the increase of industrial water use. Industrial structure and population have an accumulative effect of 64.4 billion m³ and 71.08 billion m³, both increasing industrial water use. The decoupling state of the Yangtze River Delta region shifts from weak decoupling to strong decoupling on the whole, varying with provinces/cities. Decoupling effort index of water-saving technical effect, the biggest contributor to decoupling, is always above 0, while that of industrial structure effect and population effect is normally below 0, small and varying with provinces/cites. This paper concludes water-saving technical advance is the chief factor to restrain the increase of industrial water use; industrial structural adjustment is the minor factor to reduce industrial water use, while the economic output and population effects are the major factors that lead to the increase of industrial water. Therefore, in order to achieve the balanced development between economic and environment, the Yangtze River Delta region should improve water-saving technologies, strengthen policy guidance, promote industrial upgrading and accelerate economic transformation.

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REGIONAL DIFFERENCE OF RELATION BETWEEN REAL ESTATE ENTERPRISES SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES AND FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS

SHU Huan, LI Yan

Resources & Industries 2022, 24 (1): 126-135. DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20211221.001

Abstract （140）

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This paper estimates real estate enterprise's social responsibilities and financial constraints, determines the regional difference of their relation, and provides references for real estate enterprise to mitigate financial constraints based on their social responsibilities. This paper, based on China's A stock-listed real estate enterprises' data from 2012 to 2019, uses Hexun website data and financial data to mark enterprises' and stakeholders' social responsibilities, uses acting variables' SA index to mark financial constraints, and divides them into east, central and west economic zones. Multiple regression model is applied to compare the entire and subsidiary enterprises' social responsibilities and financial constraints relation within the three economic zones. China's real estate enterprises' social responsibilities have an average score of 34.145, high in the east economic zone, followed by the central and then the west. The average financial constraints level is -3.787 nationwide, indicating a hard financial environment, strongest in the west, followed by the east and then the central. Real estate enterprises' social responsibilities are negatively related with financial constraints in each area or even in the whole nation, which means enterprises with better social responsibilities have less financial constraints. The east economic zone, compared with the central and west zones, has the strongest negative relation, outstandingly above 1%. Social responsibilities of real estate enterprises on stakeholders and creditors negatively impact their financial constraints, but do little on their responsibilities on society; Social responsibilities of real estate enterprises on government, consumer, employee and supplier vary geographically. Real estate enterprises shall consider regional difference when performing financial-orientated social responsibilities. Appropriate social responsibility strategy and differentiated enterprise social responsibility inputs can relieve financial constraints to the maximum.

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THE EVOLUTION CHARACTERISTICS OF SPATIAL LAYOUT OF CHINA'S REGIONAL ECONOMY AND INDUSTRY

CHEN Chen

Resources & Industries 2022, 24 (1): 136-147. DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20211227.001

Abstract （266）

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Analyze the characteristics of China's regional economic spatial distribution and the driving effect of changes in industrial spatial layout on the overall economy, and then propose macro-policy recommendations for the coordinated and balanced development of the North-South, East-West regions. By the center of gravity theory, using the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) and grey correlation degree analysis method, from the perspective of multi-scale periodic fluctuation based on time series, this paper focuses on the change characteristics of China's regional economic gravity center from 1952 to 2014 and its correlation with the movement of industrial gravity center. It is found that the change of economic gravity center is compounded of near-9 a, near-20 a and near-50 a's periodic fluctuations and tendency. Latitude is mainly determined by long period factors (variance contribution rate 63.76%) and inherent trend, while longitude is mainly determined by short period factors (variance contribution rate 75.98%) and inherent trend.In latitude, the relevance between the primary industry and the economy is gradually weakened, the relevance between the secondary industry and the economy keeps stable and strong, the relevance between the tertiary industry and the economy becomes enhancement. In longitude, the movement of the three industries' gravity centers can affect the fluctuation of economic gravity center, the correlation between gravity center of the tertiary industry and the economic gravity center is gradually increasing. Separating the periodic fluctuation factors, the moving trend of the economic gravity center is to south and west. Restricted by natural and social conditions, the movement to south and east is subject to a large pull. There are differences in the actual movement and inherent trend of economic gravity center, which shows the imbalance of regional economic spatial layout. The balance of the spatial layout of the national economy not only needs the adjustment of policies and strategies, but also needs to follow the market forces and comparative advantages to optimize the regional industrial structure. The difference between the North and the South mainly lies in the degree of market development and the speed of industrial upgrading. The North should follow the law of industrial succession, improve the degree of marketization, and accelerate the development of the tertiary industry in line with the factor structure and comparative advantage. The gap between the East and the West mainly lies in the location advantage and agglomeration effect. The West needs to improve the regional infrastructure construction, and improve the quality of social security services for different levels of labor force, undertake the industries in line with the regional comparative advantage transferred from the East, realize the benign interaction between the industries and factors in the East and the West.

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RESEARCH ON THE CARRYING CAPACITY OF AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT IN COUNTY BASED ON ECOLOGICAL SECURITY: TAKING ANREN COUNTY, THE MAIN PRODUCING AREA OF NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AS AN EXAMPLE

ZENG Rong, ZHANG Xiaohong, FENG Zhaohua

Resources & Industries 2022, 24 (1): 148-159. DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20211229.001

Abstract （143）

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The evaluation of the carrying capacity of agricultural resources and environment is the basic work for the preparation of land spatial planning. Research on the carrying capacity of agricultural resources and environment can not only maintain agricultural ecological security, determine the pattern of agricultural production, but also explore the balance between economic and social development and resource environmental protection, thereby improve land administrative ability. This paper takes Anren county, Chenzhou city, Hunan province, the main production area of national agricultural products as the research object,
evaluates the carrying capacity of agricultural resources and environment of the county, conducts research on agricultural development potential, risk identification, and agricultural space demarcation. According to research, Anren county possesses abundant agricultural resources, has land area up to 63 705.49 hm² with agricultural resources environmental carrying capacity at or above tier III, 43.57% of the total land area. It also has a land area of 18 678.51 hm² with agricultural developing potential, 12.77% of the total land area. Anren county belongs to hilly terrain of southern China, with abundant water and land resources, good environments and high agricultural developing potential, but its agricultural development is largely limited by ecology with certain ecological risks and conflicts during farmland protection and agricultural structural adjustment. According to the investigation and analysis, the conflicted land area is 7 105.15 hm², 4.86% of the total land area. The agricultural space is identified according to the spatial pattern characteristics of resources and environment carrying capacity. The agricultural space land area of Anren county is 49 616.65 hm², accounting for 33.93% of the total area of the county, and it is clear that the county belongs to the spatial pattern of agricultural development of "two basins and one corridor".This provides a scientific basis for locking the target area of comprehensive agricultural management and improving the capacity of land spatial management. The grade of the carrying capacity of agricultural resources and environment is affected by the importance of ecological protection, land resources, water resources, natural disasters and other factors. In Anren county, there are many overlapping areas of current cultivated land, permanent basic farmland, reserve resources of cultivated land and extremely important and sensitive areas of ecological protection, and there are a lot of agricultural lands such as planting gardens and breeding ponds in areas with low carrying capacity.Paying attention to the problems in the protection of cultivated land in mountainous and hilly areas, adapting measures to local conditions and making good use of land with various levels of agricultural resources environmental carrying capacity is of great significance to effectively resolving the ecological risks in the adjustment of agricultural industrial structure.

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RESEARCH ON EVALUATION AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF HIGH-QUALITY DEVELOPMENT IN 9 PROVINCES OF THE YELLOW RIVER BASIN FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF NEW DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTS

MA Rui

Resources & Industries 2022, 24 (1): 160-171. DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20211227.002

Abstract （148）

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he high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin has become an important national strategy. This paper measures their developing indexes of 9 provinces in the basin (Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan, Shandong) on five aspects including innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing，analyzes their spatial correlation, determines their developing trend, which is a precondition and offers references for major decision-making for high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin. This paper based on the "new development concept" as the theoretical framework, selects the five indexes of innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing in 9 provinces of the Yellow River Basin from 2016 to 2018, and uses the entropy weight method to calculate their comprehensive indexes and analyzes their high-quality development of 9 provinces. On this basis, the spatial autocorrelation analysis method is used to measure the spatial correlation of development in the five aspects of innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing in 9 provinces of the Yellow River Basin. The results show that from a vertical perspective, most provinces are rising in innovative, green and opening development, but declining in coordinated and sharing development. From a horizontal perspective, Shandong is of relative preponderance in innovative developing comprehensive index, reaching the maximum in 2018 over the past three years in 9 provinces, and of absolute preponderance in openness development comprehensive index, seating on top over the past three years.Sichuan is of relative preponderance in coordinated development comprehensive index, reaching the acme in 2018 over the past three years among the 9 provinces, and of absolute preponderance in sharing development comprehensive index, seating on top over the past three years.Qinghai is absolute preponderance in green development comprehensive index, staying on the top in three consecutive years among the 9 provinces. Viewing spatial correlation, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Qinghai and Ningxia show low-low agglomerating in innovative development in 2018. Inner Mongolia, Sichuan, Qinghai and Ningxia show high-high agglomerating in green development from 2017 to 2018. Through the research,this paper concludes that the 9 provinces have deficiencies in coordination and sharing against a high-quality development, which can be overcome through supportive policies, boosting inputs and precisely approaches. In addition,the upper-stream of Yellow River provinces display a strong spatial correlation in innovative and green development, their collaboration is key to high-quality development in the upper-stream.

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REVIEW OF RESEARCH ON RARE EARTH INDUSTRY UPGRADING: REALISTIC DILEMMA, INFLUENCING FACTORS AND ALTERNATIVE PATHS

ZHANG Lin, GE Jianping

Resources & Industries 2022, 24 (2): 1-9. DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20220126.001

Abstract （298）

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Facing great changes unseen in a century and intensifying global geo-economic political game, China's rare earth industry is in a critical period of transformation and upgrading. Solving the upgrading problem and choosing high-quality and efficient upgrade paths, requires further studies. Existing researches focus on the realistic predicament, the influencing factors and paths. Lacks discussion on the whole industrial chain including front-end mining and metallurgy, quantitative analysis methods, content of influencing factors and multi-chain cooperative upgrading. This paper presents the future research on the whole industrial chain, integrating qualitative research and quantitative research methods, mechanism and cooperative path of multiple chains．

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LITERATURE REVIEW OF DEFINITION, DILEMMA AND PATH TO QUALITY TRANSFORMATION OF CHINA'S RESOURCE-BASED CITIES

YANG Hongbo, WANG Ruyi, PENG Min, WANG Jiashan

Resources & Industries 2022, 24 (2): 10-18. DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20210622.003

Abstract （461）

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Resource-based cities need an ecological quality developing way. This paper, in terms of CNKI's 2011 to 2020 Chinese references, uses CiteSpace to study the changes of hot research points regarding China's resource-based cities' quality development by means of visualized key word frequency with results showing "transformation", "upgrading" and "sustainable development" are the top key words, suggesting a shift in hot research points from sustainably long-term mechanism, low-carbon transformation path and modes, eco-transforming efficiency evaluation to green development. As quality development and new conception is heading its way, quality development catches much attention after 2017. This paper defines the connotation of resource-based cities' quality development from green, coordination, smart and livelihoods with objectives to ecological transformation, innovative development, smart ways and improving livelihoods. Economic quality is used to measure the urban transforming capacity. Innovative pathways to quality transformation in resource-based cities are presented from resource environment, technology, regional coordination and livelihoods. This paper concludes that construction of specific and oriented measurement will be the future research hot topics, ecological development and smart transformation is the direction. New information technology will reform the industries, ecology, management and capital supports. Smart ecological construction helps create breakthrough in resources environment, technology, regional coordination and livelihoods, favorable for resource-based cities getting out of dilemma and heading for a quality development.

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RESEARCH OVERVIEW AND OUTLOOK OF WATER-ENERGY-FOOD NEXUS

DING Tonghui, CHEN Junfei

Resources & Industries 2022, 24 (2): 19-29. DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20210812.001

Abstract （557）

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Water resource, energy and food are vital for human, and their tie (WEF-Nexus) is mutual, interactive, sensitive and vulnerable, so WEF-Nexus is one of popular research topics. This paper overviews the research advances and provides references from concepts, theories and models. There is no theory that is widely accepted. Theories chiefly include systematology, method theory and co-integration theory. The models include tie-specific models and general models, research tools have two, quantitative and qualitative. Research advances are summarized based on co-integration, security, risks and optimization with results showing a subjective WEF-Nexus co-integration index. Its security tie is focused on security assessment, lacks security controls. No references are found on WEF-Nexus risk determination and alerting. It is difficult to construct an optimized WEF system model due to the complexity of WEF coupling system; the related references are mainly on regional or stream WEF systems, few on cities or families. This paper presents outlooks for future study, including green co-integrated development theory, interactive and evolutionary mechanism, data-based comprehensive decision platform and risks determination and alerting.

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TEMPORAL-SPATIAL EVOLUTION AND FACTORS OF REGIONAL ECOLOGICAL SECURITY BASED ON DPSIR-TOPSIS MODEL

LÜ Tiangui, KONG Anni, WANG Li

Resources & Industries 2022, 24 (2): 30-41. DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20210910.001

Abstract （245）

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Study of temporal-spatial evolution and factors of regional ecological security can provide references in constructing regional ecological security pattern. This paper, based on a case study on Jiangxi province as a demonstrating ecological cultural area, uses DPSIR model to establish an evaluation index system of ecological security, and applies improved TOPSIS to study the temporal-spatial evolution of Jiangxi's 2006 to 2018 ecological security with obstacle model used for factors. Coupling coordination model is employed to analyze their connection between two sub-systems of ecological security system with optimized path presented. Jiangxi's ecological security level is generally rising from 0.436 in 2006 to 0.464 in 2018 by a yearly rate at 0.002 2, but with gaps in comprehensive compactness and hierarchy among cities. Its response, driving forces and factors sub-systems are climbing with driving forces at same pace with temporal sequence, a falling pressure and status sub-systems. Any two sub-systems have a coupling degree over 0.97, suggesting a high coordination and a well coupling degree. Ecological security hierarchy varies largely among cities, most at critical security levels (III), with gap to the general security level (IV), and long time to the security level (V). Jiangxi's ecological security level is jointly confined by scientific expense, per capita water resource, regional GDP, urbanization rate, green and square area, waste water & gas processing capacity, fixed asset investment proportion and per capita GDP. This paper presents approaches to regional ecological security level on boosting policies response, improving production performance, pushing regional industrial optimization and intensifying eco-environmental protection.

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TEMPORAL-SPATIAL VARIANCE AND FACTORS OF ECOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY IN YANGTZE RIVER DELTA UNDER GREEN INNOVATION

TIAN Ze, XIAO Qianqian, CHEN Kejing, LIANG Wei

Resources & Industries 2022, 24 (2): 42-53. DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20211227.003

Abstract （176）

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Yangtze River Delta is a demonstrating model for eco-green integrated area. Its quality development is vital for China. This paper, viewing from green innovation strategy, reveals its regional variance and evolution of ecological efficiency, and presents suggestions. This paper, based on 41 Yangtze River Delta cities' 2008 to 2019 data, uses SBM model to measure their ecological efficiencies, and analyzes their redundancy and deficiency in cities of low ecological efficiencies. Tobit regression model is used to identify the factors of ecological efficiency. Results display a high ecological efficiency in Yangtze River Delta, with its core density above 0.8, waved and varying with regions. It shows a polarization in the region where there are 5 cities with low efficiencies and 9 with optimal efficiencies. 81.25% of Anhui province's cites have low efficiencies, higher than other provinces. Among factors, economic developing level, industrial structure and urban size are positively for ecological efficiency, but environmental protection and foreign openness are negatively, technical advance is a minor factor. Yangtze River Delta is suggested to construct a shared platform of environmental information and technical resources in unifying eco-environmental standards, environmental supervision and enforcement. This paper presents suggestions on advertising Yangtze River Delta's practices as demonstrating model, fulfilling its leading role, and boosting its cooperation with other areas. Traditional industries shall be escalated, smart and green. Cities vary differentiated talent planning with their urban functions. Foreign investment boosts ecological efficiency. Governments play a leading role in social capital and improve the stimulation mechanism of green innovation.

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EVOLUTIONARY GAMING STUDY ON ECOLOGICAL COMPENSATION OF BI-DIRECTIONAL WATER FOOTPRINT IN YANGTZE RIVER DELTA

ZHU Zhiming, YAO Ting, GUO Lingli

Resources & Industries 2022, 24 (2): 54-63. DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20210803.001

Abstract （133）

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A quality integrated development of Yangtze River Delta needs attention on its ecological cultural construction, but it faces water shortage and worsening water ecological environmental issues. Trans-regional water resource protection can not be effectively performed due to its externality of water resource as a public affair, which makes ecological compensation of water resource a key point in reaching a co-integrated development in Yangtze River Delta. This paper uses water footprint theory to establish a standard measuring model of 2008 to 2017 bidirectional water footprint ecological compensation of Yangtze River Delta, and constructs an evolutionary gaming model based on central-governmental constraining-stimulating mechanism to reach an optimal stable balanced strategy. Yangtze River Delta is simulated as a water importing area with rising imports and consumption during the decade at yearly average consumption up to 158.62 billion cubic meters, in actual water use most by agricultural water footprint, while trading water footprint is rising at an uneven rate. Jiangsu contributes the most in simulated water use, followed by Anhui, Zhejiang and Shanghai. Its ecological compensation amounts shows a climbing tendency. Jiangsu gets the most at a yearly RMB9.222 billion, followed by Zhejiang, Anhui and Shanghai, but Jiangsu has a lowest compensation to input ratio at 63%, and Shanghai is the highest at 78%. After constraining-stimulating mechanism is in place, Yangtze River Delta can reach an optimal balanced protection and compensation strategy if central governmental sum of fines and stimulus is higher than its ecological compensation amounts on either defaults, and if the sum is higher than two times of opportunity cost, and less than its compensation amounts on both defaults, Zhejiang seats on top in stimulating and punishing range changes in the decade.

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POLICY EFFECTS EVALUATION OF ECOLOGICAL COMPENSATION OF WEI RIVER STREAM

ZHANG Jie, SUN Jie, ZHU Mingming

Resources & Industries 2022, 24 (2): 64-75. DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20210903.002

Abstract （220）

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Ecological compensation of Wei River stream is the first trans-provincial trial of Yellow River stream. This paper summarizes the status, issues and experiences of ecological compensation of Yellow River stream aiming at a quality development, and evaluates the performances of ecological compensation policies. Based on a case study on Wei River stream, This paper establishes an evaluation model of ecological compensation effects composed of comprehensive performances and preferred scoring, and uses APH and entropy to construct a comprehensive performance evaluation index system of ecological environment, which is employed to estimate the comprehensive performance of 20 cities along Wei River stream during 2009 to 2019 based on all validated samples' selection. The results show a generally rising performance, of which Shaanxi's policies seat on top, but varying with cities. The policies increase the performances at or above the level 1%, in spite of time controlling or single fixed effect; it works at or above the level 5% in the provincial teams, but not in Gansu province due to its limited conditions, big ecological burden in environmental rehabilitation, deficient compensation mechanism, imbalanced upper- and down-stream, lagging policies and lacking mature experiences. This paper presents suggestions on policy propaganda, encouraging residents and companies' involvement, improving compensation mechanisms, pushing ecologically comprehensive compensation, making bi-directional compensation standards, spreading local successful experiences and issuing local policy details.

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ECOLOGICAL COMPENSATION PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SOUTH-WATER-NORTH-SHIFT PHASE I WATER SOURCE BASED ON AHP-CRITIC WEIGHT-VARIABLE MATTER-ELEMENT EXTENSION MODEL

SHEN Juqin, WANG Nannan , SUN Fuhua , et al

Resources & Industries 2022, 24 (2): 76-85. DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20210622.002

Abstract （123）

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Ecological compensation performance evaluation is a key to determination of ecological compensation standard and to optimization of ecological compensation mechanism. This paper, aiming at evaluating ecological compensation performance of south-water-north-shift phase I water source, and based on the ecological compensation capital standard, provides references for improving ecological compensation mechanism. This paper uses APH-CRITIC weight-variable matter-element extension model by establishing evaluation index system of water resource ecological compensation, and studies dynamically its performance through ecological compensation standard of water source on which costs method, ecological servicing values, water source proportion coefficient, water supply coefficient, and policy importance coefficient. The typical variable value of performance evaluation level of south-water-north-shift phase I water source is 3.699 34, with standard range of ecological compensation capital [9 693.00, 14 559.75 (10 k RMB)], of which [2 011.50, 3 368.25] distributed to Yangzhou, [2 787.75, 3 327.75] to Shuqian, [3 732.75, 5 157.00] to Huaian and [1 161.00, 2 706.75] to Xuzhou. The performance level for water source is rated at good+, suggesting a good environmental protection in water source. The standard range of ecological compensation capital for water source is RMB97 to 146 million, of which Huaian receives the most, Xuzhou receives the least. Input of ecological compensation capital improves the evaluation indexes with a better performance. Ecological compensation in water source will boost eco-environmental protection, economic growth and livelihood, and further practices the concept of "green-water-green-mountain as gold-mountain-silver-mountain" to reach a harmonious development of human and nature.

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IMPACTS OF HIGH-TECH INDUSTRIAL AGGLOMERATION ON GREEN WATER RESOURCE EFFICIENCY BASED ON SPATIAL DUBIN MODEL

WANG Baoqian, FAN Zheyan

Resources & Industries 2022, 24 (2): 86-96. DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20210903.001

Abstract （166）

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Yangtze River Economic Zone as China's largest economic zone has vast economic potentials, but with severe water environmental issues. To shift a fast development to quality development, Yangtze River Economic Zone shall develop high-tech industries to push a green water resource development. This paper studies the overflowing effects of high-tech industrial agglomeration on green water resource efficiency geographically, which is of significance for understanding the status of high-tech industrial agglomeration, and appropriately making policies, including positive and negative pathways based on industrial agglomeration and water use references. This paper, based on 11Yangtze River Economic Zone provinces' 2005 to 2019 panel data, uses entropy to estimate high-tech industrial agglomerating level and applies SE-SBM model to estimate its green water resource efficiency, and employs spatial Dubin model to verify the spatial overflowing effects of high-tech industrial agglomeration which is divided into direct and indirect parts. The results show an escalating spatial auto-correlation of green water resource efficiency in Yangtze River Economic Zone, an outstanding overflowing effect, trans-regional larger than regionwide. A ratio of research and development input to the second industry casts a negative overflowing effect on green water resource efficiency, but environmental regulations does positively. This paper presents suggestions on fastening infrastructural construction in the middle- to upper-stream to receive the high-tech migration from the down-stream, boosting high-tech supports transferring siphon effect to radiation effect of industrial agglomeration, focusing on research and development quality and improving research and development conversion.

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REGIONAL DIFFERENCE OF IMPACTS OF INDUSTRIAL AGGLOMERATION ON ENVIRONMENTAL EFFICIENCY BASED ON SPATIAL METERING MODEL

ZHENG Xiaoqiang, PU Yangzhu

Resources & Industries 2022, 24 (2): 97-107. DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20211213.001

Abstract （178）

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Improving environmental efficiency is a key to China's quality and sustainable development of economy and environment. This paper, based on China's 30 provinces during 2006 to 2017, uses Undesirable-SBM model and HHI to measure their environmental efficiencies and industrial agglomeration from energy consumption structures, urbanization and technical levels. Results suggest that China's environmental efficiencies are generally low, varying in the eastern, central and western, highest in the eastern and lowest in the western, consistent with their industrial agglomeration levels. Central China is below the average in industrial agglomeration. Environmental efficiencies and related variables passes the dual spatial auto-correlation tests, suggesting an outstanding spatial overflowing of environmental efficiency on industrial agglomeration level, energy consumption structure, urbanization level and technical level. Impacts of industrial agglomeration on environmental efficiency vary with regions; high-limited effect emerging in the eastern that higher industrial agglomeration will impede its environmental efficiency, positive in central and western that higher industrial agglomeration will improve their environmental efficiencies, because the 2nd industry has a larger proportion and there are vast energy extensive industries, industrial agglomeration deceases the trading and transporting costs, leaving companies capital in handling pollution, and also brings expansion leading to energy saving effect. Optimizing energy consumption structure exerts a positive spatial overflowing on environmental efficiency through changing the one-time energy consumption thus reducing the highly-energy-consuming industries. Impacts of technical level on environmental efficiency vary with regions, obviously positively in eastern, but not in central and western. This paper presents policy suggestions that appropriately technical innovation boost environmental efficiency, aiming at providing references for China's quality economic development.

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IMPACTS OF FDI OVERFLOWING, INDEPENDENT RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT ON INDUSTRIAL OUTPUTS BASED ON MULTI-DIMENSIONAL THRESHOLD EFFECTS OF GUANGDONG-HONGKONG-MACAO GREATER BAY AREA PANEL DATA

ZHOU Xuan, TAN Jianhuan, GUO Pibin, et al

Resources & Industries 2022, 24 (2): 108-118. DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20211221.012

Abstract （133）

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Use of technical overflowing is key to Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Greater Bay Area's industrial growth. This paper uses Bay's 2008 to 2018 industrial data, uses knowledge overflowing model and threshold effect model to analyze FDI overflowing, independent research & development and impacts of independent research & development on Bay's industrial outputs and its threshold, and studies the impacts of interactive independent research & development and technical overflowing on outputs. Independent research and development is positively correlated with human capital flowing, demonstrating mimic, competitiveness, but the traditional production elements have a less contribution to the production growth. Regarding interactive effect, independent research & development shows a positive co-integrated effect on demonstrating mimic, negative on human capital flowing. As for threshold, demonstrating mimic effect and competition effect have single threshold with staged impacting coefficients at 0.257 and 0.240 &1.369 and 0.366, while independent research & development has dual threshold at 0.278, 0.247 and 0.264. Over the threshold values, competition effect exerts a less contribution to output growth, while demonstrating mimic effect and independent research & development slightly adjust the output growth. A quality economic development should encourage human capital inputs and independent research & development, and increase foreign capital size and quality.

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SPATIAL PATTERN AND DYNAMIC EVOLUTION OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES VALUE OF HUOSHAN COUNTY DURING 1990 TO 2020

FANG Lin, CAI Jun, LIU Yanxiao, et al

Resources & Industries 2022, 24 (2): 119-131. DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20210823.001

Abstract （108）

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Huoshan county is located in Dabieshan State Key Ecological Functioning Area, where is of significance to study its ecosystem services value changes on regional economic development and eco-environmental protection, and on regional economic planning and land allocation optimization. This paper, based on Huoshan's 1990 to 2020 land use data, uses RS and GIS to establish a Thornthwaite Memorial Climatic Production model via China's 2008 land ecosystem services value coefficient, with which Huoshan's eco-system servicing value coefficient is calibrated. Impacts of land use transformation on its ecosystem services value are analyzed over land use changing rate, direction and utilization degree with results discussed on spatial auto-correlation and hot-cold points. During 1990 to 2020, Huoshan's land use change is slow, but fast in construction and farm lands up to 402.58% and -5.13%, respectively. Regarding land transformation, forest land contributes the most in exports and construction land contributes the most in imports. Land use comprehensive changing index is over 0, suggesting a developing period of countywide land use. Huoshao's ecosystem services value has declined over the past three decades, most from forest land. Its spatial pattern displays a conspicuous spatial auto-correlation with hot spots focusing on forest and water lands, cold spots on southern grass land and downtowns, expanding with construction lands. This paper presents approaches to regional ecological protection, land extensive use and land disordered expansion.

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DYNAMIC CHANGES OF AND APPROACHES TO AGRICULTURAL ECO-SUSTAINABILITY IN JILIN'S MAJOR CROP AREAS

ZHANG Haichao, LIU Xiaojing, MA Donglai, et al

Resources & Industries 2022, 24 (2): 132-142. DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20210903.003

Abstract （119）

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This paper uses BBC model and Malmquist index to estimate the 2015 and 2018 eco-sustainable efficiencies and efficiency dynamic change indexes of Jilin's 23 major crop counties, analyzes their status from technology, scale, resource element allocation, and studies the global auto-correlation, and discusses the spatial pattern and dynamic changes of agricultural eco-sustainability with issues disclosed and approaches presented. Jilin's agricultural eco-sustainability of its major crop areas is at a general level, but higher in a few counties/cities, largely variable among the 23 counties. Counties with efficiency less than 1 are, high to low, Da'an (0.941), Dongliao (0.934), Panshi (0.926), Dunhua (0.86), Dongfeng (0.77), Antu (0.76), Yanji (0.74), Yongji (0.71), Helong (0.67), most in Liaoyuan, Jilin and Yanbian. Their comprehensive efficiencies are independent and related each other, showing to some extent spatial concentration and good eco-sustainability, reaching up to the optimal in Changchun, eastern Siping eastern Songyuan, improved in Sulan, Shuangliao, Qian'an, Tongyu, Da'an and Dongfeng in 2018, but decreased in Yanbian, Yongji, Panshi and Dongliao. Inappropriate inputs in agricultural eco-sustainability exist in some counties that should be reduced in Yongji, Dunhua and Dongfeng, but increased in Fuyu, Qianguo, Changling, Qian'an, Zhaonan, Tongyu, Da'an and Dongliao.

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IMPACTING MECHANISM OF CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES' SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES ON VALUES BASED ON ADJUSTMENT OF REDUNDANT RESOURCE

SHU Huan, XU Yiyin

Resources & Industries 2022, 24 (2): 143-154. DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20211129.001

Abstract （175）

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This paper, based on China's 266 listed construction companies from 2014 to 2018, uses F test and Hausman test to determine panel data model from new classic economic views and industrial organized views, which is employed to further analyze the connection between construction companies' social responsibilities and short- & long-term values. Companies' redundant resources, tangible or intangible, are divided into unabsorbed and absorbed resources, which plays adjustment in companies' social responsibilities and long- & short-term values. Results show that construction companies' performance of social responsibilities is not related to its short-term values, but positively to its long-term values, determined by their heterogenous resources, which may bring competitiveness for companies if any resources, combined with companies' development, are turned into heterogenous resources before they work for strategy and performances. Unabsorbed redundant resources positively adjust companies' social responsibilities, long- & short-term values due to their high fluidity supporting companies' operations, but absorbed resources do not work due to their low fluidity and high time cost if turned into unabsorbed resources. Resources that need be effectively classified can improve companies' performance. Companies' strategy of development and values determines their competitiveness. Conduction of strategy relies upon their unrepeatable resources. China's construction companies' social responsibilities need a systematic strategic framework integrating their social responsibilities into operations. This paper presents references for construction companies' performance of social responsibilities and use of redundant resources.

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EMPIRICAL STUDY OF LISTED COMPANIES' OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE ON THEIR SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES BASED ON ADJUSTMENT OF SEPARATION OF CENTRALIZING AND BALANCING RIGHTS

CHEN Xinyuan, LIU Yating

Resources & Industries 2022, 24 (2): 155-166. DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20210930.001

Abstract （175）

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This paper uses fixed effect model to study the relation between ownership and social responsibilities of 2010 to 2018 listed companies, and analyzes its changes under separation of owning and controlling rights from perspective of company management. An ownership centralization constrains companies' social responsibilities, but a balancing ownership exerts an upside-down "U-shaped" impact, a non-linear relation, suggesting a higher centralization, a poor social responsibility. Higher or lower balancing rights are not favorable for development of companies' social responsibilities. Separation of centralizing and balancing rights can largely adjust their relation. A higher centralized ownership plays a stronger role in constraining social responsibilities, and the upside-down "U-shaped" relation is boosted if the two rights are highly separated. This paper verifies their non-linear relation between ownership and social responsibilities, balancing ownership plays a dual role in companies' social responsibilities, a higher centralization is harmful for social responsibilities, providing references for China's companies to improve their social responsibilities and enriching the research content of ownership structure and social responsibilities.

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BENCHMARKING-ORIENTED URBAN GREENHOUSE GAS ACCOUNTING METHODOLOGY FRAMEWORK IN CHINA

GAO Yuan, LIU Gengyuan, CHEN Caocao, et al

Resources & Industries 2022, 24 (3): 1-20. DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20220527.014

Abstract （174）

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As the largest source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, cities are the basic unit and important space carrier to promote carbon emission reduction. In the face of increasingly severe climate challenges, on one hand, the degree of cooperation among cities is not enough, and most cities choose to conduct urban GHG emission accounting and formulate mitigation policies independently; on the other hand, there are still differences in accounting boundary, accounting content and double counting, types of GHG, and accounting methods among different urban GHG emission accounting guidelines, which increases the complexity of urban GHG emission accounting and is not conducive to the comparison of GHG emission accounting results among cities. The methodological framework for urban GHIG emission accounting is the basis for understanding and evaluating urban GHG emissions. In this paper, we reviewed the domestic and foreign urban GHG accounting standards, databases and cases, which covered the comparison and difference analysis of international urban GHG accounting standards, the application research of three different city-level GHG emission accounting perspectives (including accounting based on administrative division boundaries, cross-border infrastructure, and urban consumption respectively). The core of domestic urban and regional GHG accounting guidelines are clearly proposed to establish a framework of urban GHG emission accounting methods that are prioritized for domestic benchmarks. In the new framework, scopes 1-3 in the framework represents the urban GHG emissions from different perspectives, and reflects the urban GHG emissions to the maximum extent. The indispensability and comparability of Scope 1 emissions within administrative divisions are emphasized. Importantly, the accounting for Scope 2 and Scope 3 emissions is a specific supplement to the urban GHG emissions that are matched to fully meet the actual needs of the city. The framework solves some of the pain points. For example, the accounting boundary is within the boundary of China administrative divisions, covering 7 types of greenhouse gases, and scopes 1-3 are for different accounting emission subjects. In view of the emission sources not covered or disputed by the current urban GHG accounting guidelines, difficulty of data acquisition, uncertainty and so on, the author believes that these problems can be addressed by means of scientific and technological progress, and the impact on the urban GHG emission accounting is not major, but for the long-term development of the city, these pain points must be deeply considered and solved by the decision-making managers. It is necessary to incorporate them into the framework at first, and then gradually solve them. Benchmarking-oriented GHG accounting framework can help decision-making managers understand the flow of embodied GHG emissions between cities, determine appropriate emission reduction policies, and meanwhile consider and plan low-carbon transition paths, optimize urban management methods, and promote exchanges and cooperation between cities from the perspective of GHG emissions. Finally, this paper points out that the effective implementation of the framework requires the linkage of the whole society, multi-industry and cross-department, the overall government-enterprise-people-commerce cooperation, the close industry-university-research cooperation.

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GREEN EFFICIENCY OF INDUSTRIAL WATER RESOURCE IN YANGTZE RIVER ECONOMIC ZONE BASED ON WATER FOOTPRINT AND SBM-MALMQUIST MODEL

WANG Baoqian, LI Xinran

Resources & Industries 2022, 24 (3): 21-31. DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20220527.015

Abstract （135）

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China is one of countries which have a surging water supply-demand conflict. Water resource as a necessity for human's survival and economy has always been over used. This paper studies the green efficiency of industrial water resources in Yangtze River economic zone, uses environmental pollution as negative factor based on the connotation of water resource efficiency, and re-defines and replenishes the concept of green efficiency of industrial water resource. Through theoretical and experimental analysis, this paper discusses the factors and temporal-spatial features of green efficiency of industrial water resource, and presents a path to upgrading the green efficiency. By means of blue and gray water footprints, this paper uses triple-staged super-efficiency SBM model and Malmquist-Luenberger indicators decomposition to select industrial labors, industrial fixed asset investment and blue water footprint as input variables and industrial increment as expected output variable, and gray water footprint as non-expected output variable. A green efficiency of industrial water resource index system is established to estimate their 2009—2019 green efficiencies of industrial water resource of 11 provinces (cities) in Yangtze River economic zone. Blue water footprints of the whole Yangtze River economic zone and regional has volatility, while the gray water has a downward trend. With removal of environmental factor and random errors, it is found that environmental factor obviously constrains the pure technological efficiency, leaving a room to improve to size efficiency and comprehensive technological efficiency. The factors of the whole elements productivity index changes vary with provinces and stages, but technical advance is the major one, This paper suggests that provinces in Yangtze River economic zone improve size efficiencies through their actual industries and resources and upper-down stream supply chain combination, and increase outputs and decrease water pollution from optimizing input/output elements.

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A CASE STUDY ON YANGTZE RIVER DELTA: INDUSTRIAL GREEN GDP ACCOUNTING AND DEVELOPING EFFICIENCY

SUN Fuhua, CAI Binbin, SHEN Juqin

Resources & Industries 2022, 24 (3): 32-42. DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20220602.001

Abstract （117）

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Yangtze River delta industrial economy is thriving on water with water use issues, long constrained by water resource and water environment. Under a guideline of water resource management concept of “determining and measuring water, strengthening the rigid constrains of water resources”, paying attention to water resources conservation and water enviroment protection and promoting regional green development are the key to breaking through the bottleneck of industrial development. This paper, focusing on the double constraints of water resource and water environment on industrial economic green development, studies the industrial green GDP and its development efficiency changes and regional variance in Yangtze River delta under the double constraints. Based on Yangtze River Delta three provinces and one city's 2006-2019 data, this paper uses adjusted resource loss value to amount the industrial green GDP, which is used as output indicator, and applies super-efficiency SBM model to evaluate its industrial green development efficiency. The results show that the overall industrial green GDP proportion in Yangtze River delta has been rising over years, while a falling economic loss of consumption reduction and degradation, and an improving water resource wasting and pollution. Green development efficiency has been generally rising over years, with a diminishing variance with unconstrained development efficiency. Geographically, economic developing efficiency is at a higher level in Shanghai and Jiangsu, lower in Zhejiang and Anhui, indicating that industrial economy in Yangtze River delta has a less dependence on its water resource and environment, leaving a great room to improve. In order to decrease resource consumption and environmental costs and further to reduce the dependence of industrial economy on water resource and environment, and to improve industrial green developing efficiency, this paper presents suggestions on expediting resource utilization and environmentally technical innovation, reducing water consumption and wasting from source, decreasing industrial pollution to constrain a falling water quality, optimizing water resource pricing mechanism, balancing supply-demand, utilization efficiency, recycling rate, conducting differentiated pricings, and constructing a united water resource administration so as to diminish a regional variance.

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IMPACTS OF WATER RESOURCE TAX REFORM ON INDUSTRIAL WATER USE EFFICIENCY INWATER SHORTAGE AREAS

TIAN Guiliang, GAO Tingyan

Resources & Industries 2022, 24 (3): 43-52. DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20220527.008

Abstract （155）

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Nation's water resource fee-to-tax reform is a vital policy in saving water resources and in pushing sustainable development, which has reached a large achievement in increasing water use efficiency generally, verified by many scholars. As an important growth pole of China's economic development, Industry is also the main sector of water demand. But if has the industrial water use efficiency been also increased? Given that China had not carried out this reform, this paper uses GM(1, 1) model to estimate the industrial water use efficiency after water resource fee-to-tax reform, and analyzes the impacts of water resource tax reform policy on industrial water use efficiency. Impacting factors such as water resource occurrences, technical advances, environmental regulations, water use structure, social and industrial developing sizes are selected for a multiple linear regression analysis which reveals that water resource fee-to-tax reform effectively increases the industrial water use efficiency, decreases industrial-value-added water use per 10k RMB. As such reform goes on, it will more be productive. Technical advances largely promote the industrial water use efficiency, belonging to companies' and governmental expenditure under governmental intervention. Water resource tax reform can have microscopic economic units improve technologies so as to increase industrial water use efficiency, to reduce overall industrial water use and to mitigate the pressures of water shortage. This paper suggests on saving water as a priority, boosting inputs on research, promoting water-saving devices and approaches, fastening companies' transformation and upgrading, improving water resource tax reform mechanism under a coalition of governments and markets. This study presents references for the nationwide implementation of water resource tax reform.

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EVOLUTION OF XINJIANG'S REGIONAL ECONOMIC COORDINATED DEVELOPMENT FROM PERSPECTIVE OF SPATIAL CONVERGENCE

HOU Zhenmei, ZHANG Pengyan, ZHOU Yong

Resources & Industries 2022, 24 (3): 53-62. DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20220606.001

Abstract （98）

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Regional coordinated development strategy as one of the key concept for new period is of practical significance to maintain Xinjiang's stable society and to power rural development. This paper uses Xinjiang's 85 countywide 2000 to 2018 panel data to establish a spatial Barro & Sala-i-Martin model, which is applied to study the evolution of Xinjiang's regional economic coordinated development from perspective of spatial convergence. Xinjiang shows a clear economic development variance in the north and south with an outstanding spatial convergence owing to countywide difference. Countywide economic growth displays a conditional β convergence at a low speed, suggesting issues in regional coordinated development. Fixed asset investment, human capital and urbanization level, positively affecting the convergence of countywide economic growth, are the major approaches to promoting regional coordinated economic development. Population growth and deposit saving rate are impactful elements to countywide economic growth, higher population growth rate in southern Xinjiang's four cities plays a key role in enlarging the south-north economic variance. This paper puts forward suggestions on developing southern Xinjiang's four cities' modern agriculture to increase their economic growth, boosting new urbanization construction by raising its quality to support amid regional coordination, optimizing investment structure to increase investment efficiency, maintaining an appropriate population growth rate in southern Xinjiang's four cities and structurally, reforming financial supply side in converting deposits into effective investing channels.

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RESEARCH ON REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT DIFFERENCES BY INTEGRATING OAXACA-BLINDER DECOMPOSITION METHOD FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF ENVIRONMENT REGULATION

CHEN Xin, LIU Yuanhua, SHI Cuicui

Resources & Industries 2022, 24 (3): 63-70. DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20220527.009

Abstract （245）

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Regional economic growth variance has always been a focus in theory and practice. Based on Shanghai and Anhui's 2005—2018 provincial panel data, this paper study the reason of regional economic growth variance. Random Forest Method is used to select other important factors besides environment variable, and classic threshold regression model is employed to mark the critical point between the high and low environmental regulations, which is based to divide the sample into two stages, and Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition is applied to discuss the reasons of regional economic variance under different environmental regulations. Environmental petition mounts to 35 217 marking a critical point of environmental regulation level, with Anhui and Shanghai standing at the prior half of Environmental Kuznets Curve, mainly led by “innovative compensation effect” of environmental regulations. In the single decomposed Oaxaca-Blinder variable, human capital and informatization level are the major reason of regional economic variance in the low level samples and in the whole samples with their specific return variance values at -3.161 3 and 0.092 6. In the overall Oaxaca-Blinder decomposed results, contribution proportion of specific return variance in the whole samples increases by 15.28%, suggesting Anhui's economic growth level be at a more “discriminated” level under the overall level. This paper suggests that governments shall improve public-involved environmental regulation policies, and give youth an innovative environment and resource, and adjust financial expenses to minimize the regional economic growth variance, not only helpful in understanding provincial economy under different environmental regulations, but also providing guidelines to reach a balanced regional economic growth from most aspects.

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GREEN DEVELOPMENT EFFICIENCY MEASUREMENT AND FACTORS OF YANGTZE RIVER ECONOMIC ZONE UNDER PERSPECTIVE OF CARBON EMISSION

MA Jun, WU Linling, LU Yuqin

Resources & Industries 2022, 24 (3): 71-80. DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20220527.010

Abstract （187）

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Green development, an effective approach to coordinating ecological protection, promoting economic development and reducing carbon emission, is becoming an objective of global sustainable development and human's development focus. China's economy is entering a quality developing status under a rising resources and environmental pressures. Cities are centers for modern economic growth that makes green efficiency an unavoidable way in urban transformation. This paper uses super-efficiency undesired SBM model to measure the green development efficiency of 11 Yangtze River economic zone provinces (cities) and their temporal-spatial evolution, compared with their green developing efficiencies without consideration of carbon emission, and applies decision making trail and evaluation laboratory technology (DEMATEL) to identify the key factors. Carbon emission in Yangtze River economic zone has been rising over years, impacting the green developing efficiency. The green developing efficiency has fallen largely in the down-stream of Yangtze River under the environmental constraints. Yangtze River economic zone shows a rising green developing efficiency, varying with regions, down-, upper- and middle-stream downwards. Factors such as industrial structure, research input, openness, environmental regulations and vegetation coverage rate positively play an outstanding role in green developing efficiency under perspective of carbon emission. A low green developing efficiency lies in over resource consumption and over pollution emission. Environmentally, carbon emission is becoming a hard point for increasing green developing efficiency amid urban development. This paper presents suggestions on improving ecological environment and reaching carbon neutralization to ensure a higher resource utilization and a stronger environmental protection, helpful in building Yangtze River delta as a green integrated developing demonstration.

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TEMPORAL-SPATIAL IMBALANCE OF PROVINCIAL WATER USE EFFICIENCY DYNAMIC EVOLUTION AND DRIVES BASED ON GEOGRAPHIC DETECTOR

ZHANG Hengquan, GU Qianwen, ZHANG Chenjun

Resources & Industries 2022, 24 (3): 81-93. DOI: 10.13776/j.cnki.resourcesindustries.20220527.012

Abstract （124）

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China's water resources is characterized by heterogeneously spatial distribution, low use efficiency, and severe supply-demand conflict. This paper measures China's provincial water use efficiencies, and studies their temporal-spatial evolution and driving mechanism, providing reference for China to improve water use efficiencies, to boost ecological civilization construction and sustainable development. Super-efficiency SBM model is used to estimate China's 30 provinces' (cities) water use efficiencies from 2004 to 2019, and non-parameter kernel density is applied to illustrate their temporal-spatial evolution from two levels, nationwide and eastern, middle and western regions. Spatial visualization, spatial autocorrelation and cold-hot point are employed to depict their spatial pattern evolution from spatial differentiation and spatial correlation, and geographic detector is used to explore the temporal-spatial heterogeneity of drives and interactive mechanism among drives. The water use efficiencies show a falling trend in a fluctuated manner in the whole China and in eastern, central and western, with decreasing province counts of higher efficiencies, and increasing of lower, suggesting provincial efficiency variance has experienced an enlarging-diminishing evolution. China's water use efficiency shows a distributing pattern of eastern-middle-western, downwards, spatially, existing an outstanding positive spatial auto-correlation with a high-high and low-low clustering feature, and showing a “U-shaped” evolution of strong-weak-strong. From 2004 to 2019, China's water use efficiency displays an intensifying spatial differentiation with polarization of “eastern hot-western cold”, hot ranges shrinking then dispersing, and cold ranges shrinking then stabilizing. All drives largely vary with periods and regions. Q values of drives from 2004 to 2019 has been outstandingly increased with a diminishing variance. The major drives are becoming diversified, but economic level and urbanization level are always the key drives. After any drive is interacting with the other, the both will be increased, or in a non-linear increased, indicating that the two drives can jointly will intensify the spatial differentiation of water use efficiency.

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