关键词: 自然资源, 有偿使用, 政策演进, 改革建议

Abstract: Establishment of paid use system of natural resources is a key task for ecological civilization reform and a vital guarantee to deepen market-allocating natural resources and to drive a quality development. This paper, based on a research framework of “logic analysis-regime evolution-question discussion-path optimization”, analyzes its policy evolution and reveals the major issues and main challenges from the concepts of pay-for-using natural resources, and discusses the direction of and path to optimization with an intension to offer reference for further deepening reform. China's pay-for-using natural resources policy has undergone four stages, free-using, partially-pay-for-using, market-growing, and rule-optimizing, suggesting a continuous exploration and optimization in ranges, means, rights, gains and supervision. Reforming progress varies with resource categories, over-capitalization emerges in highly-market-involved commercial natural resources, but slowly-market-growth in natural resources of public interests. Three challenges are emerging, a higher requirement for synergism of governments and markets over dual supplies of natural resources, inappropriate property rights and gains distribution between upper- and down-stream, differentiated reform progress lagging behind resources supply and managements. For a purpose of optimizing paid use system of natural resources, this paper presents suggestions on top designing based on a principle of unified and division, on controlling entry and pricing mechanism in ruling governmental and market roles, and on clarifying economic relations among property owners and focusing on a loop designing of rules. 

Key words: natural resources, pay-for-using, policy evolution, reform suggestion